Wiki source code of Lecture 5

Last modified by Hal Eden on 2010/09/13 14:47
Content · Comments (0) · Attachments (18) · History · Information
Hide line numbers
  1: [[[[image:http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/ubi/template/identity/adobe/screen/icon/pdf.gif||alt="pdf file"]]pdf version>>attach:L5-buxton-less-is-more-Sept13.pdf]]
  2: 
  3: (% border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="page-break-before: always" width="772" %)
  4: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="328" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
  5: (((
  6: [[image:output_html_5492bed5.gif||border="0" height="199" name="graphics1" width="323"]]
  7: )))|(% width="424" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
  8: (((
  9: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 10: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
 11: 
 12: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 13: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
 14: 
 15: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 16: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
 17: )))
 18: 
 19: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in; margin-bottom: 0.07in; background: #e5e5e5; border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 20: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 28pt" %)**Less Is More:
 21: **(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Human Computer Interaction and High-Functionality Applications**
 22: 
 23: 
 24: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 25: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
 26: 
 27: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 28: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.2em" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.2em" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.2em" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**;  **
 29: 
 30: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 31: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**September 13, 2010**
 32: 
 33: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%" %)
 34: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**paper: **[[Buxton, W. (2001) "Less is More (More or Less)." In P. J. Denning (Ed.), The Invisible Future — the seamless integration of technology in everyday life, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 145-179. available at: __http:~~/~~/billbuxton.com/LessIsMore.html__>>http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~~gerhard/papers/umuai2000.pdf]]
 35: 
 36: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 37: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Less Is More**(%%)** — Some Interesting Topics**
 38: 
 39: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)dimensions of change
 40: 
 41: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Bridging the Two Solitudes of the Physical and the Virtual
 42: 
 43: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Complexity, Skill and Human Limitations
 44: 
 45: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)super-appliances and/versus Internet Appliances
 46: 
 47: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the Renaissance is Over – Long Live the Renaissance
 48: 
 49: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 50: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Less Is More**(%%)** — Some Interesting Claims**
 51: 
 52: 
 53: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)why and under which conditions is it **true** that “less is more”? — e.g.:
 54: 
 55: * \\
 56: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Pascal: “Sorry I did not have the time to make this letter shorter!”
 57: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)scarce resource is human attention, not information!
 58: 
 59: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**some claims:**
 60: 
 61: * \\
 62: ** “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Systems will have to be tailored to dynamically connect the user with artifacts relevant to the user's current actions ~-~- and do so in a way, form, place, and cost appropriate to the user.”
 63: ** “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Despite the increasing reliance on technology in our society, in my view, the key to designing a different future is to focus less on technology and engineering, and far more on the humanities and the design arts.”
 64: ** “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Given the much discussed constraints on human ability, how can we expect an individual to maintain the requisite specialist knowledge in their technological discipline, while at the same time have the needed competence in industrial design, sociology, anthropology, psychology, etc., which this essay implies are required to do one’s job?”
 65: 
 66: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 67: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**From a Techno-Centric Bias to a Human-Centric Perspective**
 68: 
 69: 
 70: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the importance of **usage and activity** rather than technology
 71: 
 72: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**questions** to be asked:
 73: 
 74: * \\
 75: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Who** is using the computer?
 76: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**What** they are doing?
 77: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Where** they are doing it?
 78: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**When** they are able to do it?
 79: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Why** they are doing it?
 80: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**How **they do it?
 81: 
 82: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 83: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Moore's Law: the growth of technology as a function of time**
 84: 
 85: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 86: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Moore's law:** describes a long-term trend in the [[history of computing hardware>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware]]. The number of [[transistors>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor]] that can be placed inexpensively on an [[integrated circuit>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit]] has doubled approximately every two years. The trend has continued for more than half a century and is not expected to stop until 2015 or later.[[[>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law#cite_note-newlife-1]]
 87: 
 88: 
 89: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 90: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)[[image:output_html_763ddac2.png||border="0" height="336" name="graphics2" width="469"]]
 91: 
 92: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 93: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Buxton's Law:**(% style="color:#000000;" %)** Promised functionality and benefits of technology will incre**(%%)**ase directly with Moore's Law**
 94: 
 95: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 96: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)there will be more functionality promised/offered tomorrow than there is today
 97: 
 98: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 99: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)[[image:output_html_1a1e61f2.gif||border="0" height="329" name="graphics3" width="448"]]
100: 
101: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
102: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**A qualitative view of trends as observed in Microsoft Word**
103: 
104: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
105: [[image:output_html_m58ecfdf8.gif||border="0" height="451" name="graphics4" width="731"]]
106: 
107: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
108: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**God's Law:**(% style="color:#000000;" %)** Humans' capacity is limited an**(%%)**d does not increase over time**
109: 
110: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
111: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)our neurons do not fire faster, our memory doesn't increase in capacity, and we do not learn or think faster as time progresses
112: 
113: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
114: [[image:output_html_m26410455.gif||border="0" height="362" name="graphics5" width="495"]]
115: 
116: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
117: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the challenge for human-centered computing:
118:  symbiotic human-computer systems / distributed cognition
119: 
120: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
121: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Examples and Rationale for High-Functionality Applications (HFA)**
122: 
123: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**characteristics**
124: 
125: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)have a large number of features
126: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people (in most cases) do only know a small subset of the existing features
127: 
128: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**examples:**
129: 
130: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Microsoft-Word
131: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Photoshop
132: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Phones
133: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)IPhone / IPad Applications — more than 150,000
134: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)car radios
135: 
136: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**rationale:**
137: 
138: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Why do they exist? ? **“Reality is not user-friendly”**
139: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Are they human-centered?
140: 
141: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
142: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Problems with High-Functionality Applications (HFA)**
143: 
144: 
145: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users do not know about the **existence** of tools
146: 
147: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users do not know how to **access** tools
148: 
149: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users do not know when to **use** tools (they lack “applicability conditions”)
150: 
151: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users cannot **combine, adapt, and modify tools** according to their specific needs
152: 
153: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
154: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Problems with HFA: Microsoft’s View and Objectives**
155: 
156: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)some "routine" tasks could be and needed to be **automated (? Autocorrect)**
157: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)some tasks were **used too infrequently** by users to make it worthwhile for them to learn how to complete them and complex enough that users would need to relearn how to perform them each time they tried to accomplish the task (? **use on demand**)
158: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)complex tasks may include options that could benefit the users — **options that the user might never take advantage of**
159: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)users have **different levels of expertise and backgrounds** and therefore require different levels of support
160: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)tasks supported by software are **broad**
161: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)users don't want to become technical experts, they just want to **get their tasks done**
162: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**help** is **insufficient**, spread out over the user interface, **hard to use**, and requires prior knowledge of computer software lingo
163: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)users want tailored help delivered in a friendly and easy to understand manner **(? personalization**)
164: 
165: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
166: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Commercial Applications: Microsoft’s IntelliSense**
167: 
168: 
169: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**technology started to appear in Office 97**
170: 
171: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claims: the software “understands”**
172: 
173: * \\
174: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the context of an end-user's actions
175: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)recognizes the user's intent
176: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)automatically produces the correct result
177: 
178: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
179: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**IntelliSense’s Features**
180: 
181: 
182: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**routine task automation**
183: 
184: * \\
185: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)background spelling and grammar checks
186: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)automatic formatting of one paragraph based on format of the previous paragraph
187: 
188: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**tasks are simplified through the offering of wizards (e.g., wizards for creating faxes or letters)**
189: 
190: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**personalization of the software**
191: 
192: * \\
193: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)allowing users to control how the office assistant behaves
194: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)allowing developers to program additional features
195: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)allowing users to create additional features (e.g., macros)
196: 
197: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
198: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**How Our Research Addresses the Problems Created by HFAs**
199: 
200: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**active help systems** — analyze the behavior of users and infer higher-level goals from low-level operations
201: 
202: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**specification components** — allow users to enrich the description of their tasks
203: 
204: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**critiquing components** — analyze and infer the task at hand; detect and identify the potential for a design information need; present contextualized knowledge for designers
205: 
206: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**increase user and task relevance**// //by integrating// //specification component and critiquing components; //generic critics //(defined at design time) (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)//?//(%%)// specific critics// (information only known at use time)
207: 
208: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**create malleable systems **by integrating //adaptive and adaptable// components
209: 
210: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**support learning on demand**
211: 
212: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
213: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Some Challenging Research Problems**
214: 
215: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**identify user goals from low-level interactions**
216: 
217: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)active help systems
218: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)data detectors
219: 
220: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**integrate different modeling techniques**
221: 
222: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)domain-orientation
223: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)explicit and implicit
224: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)give a user specific problems to solve
225: 
226: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**capture the larger (often unarticulated) context and what users are doing** (especially beyond the direct interaction with the computer system)
227: 
228: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)embedded communication
229: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)ubiquitous computing
230: 
231: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**reduce information overload by making information relevant**
232: 
233: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)to the task at hand
234: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)to the assumed background knowledge of the users
235: 
236: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**support differential descriptions **(relate new information to information and concepts assumed to be known by the user)
237: 
238: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
239: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Super-Appliances versus Domain-Oriented Tools**
240: 
241: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
242: [[image:output_html_1c558654.gif||border="0" height="348" name="graphics6" width="464"]]
243: 
244: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
245: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Rich Tools Sets**
246: 
247: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
248: [[image:output_html_m378fe380.gif||border="0" height="462" name="graphics7" width="429"]]
249: 
250: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
251: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Rich Tools Sets**
252: 
253: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
254: [[image:output_html_7fdd2565.gif||border="0" height="471" name="graphics8" width="464"]]
255: \\
256: 
257: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
258: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**General Programming Languages**
259: 
260: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
261: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**(defun factorial (n)**
262: 
263: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
264: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**(if (plusp n)**
265: 
266: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
267: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**(* n (factorial (1- n~)~)~)**
268: 
269: (% align="LEFT" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
270: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**1))**
271: 
272: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
273: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**public class Factorial {**
274: 
275: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
276: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**public static long factorial(long x) {**
277: 
278: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
279: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**if (x == 1) return 1;**
280: 
281: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
282: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**else return x * factorial(x-1);**
283: 
284: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
285: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**}**
286: 
287: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
288: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**}**
289: 
290: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.11in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
291: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Human Problem Domain Interaction — Pinball Construction Kit**
292: 
293: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; line-height: 100%; page-break-after: avoid" %)
294: [[image:output_html_274b5932.gif||height="503" name="Object1" width="752"]]
295: 
296: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
297: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Binary Choices: Generic **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**??**(%%)** Overspecialized**
298: 
299: 
300: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Turing Tar Pit: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//“Beware of the Turing Tar Pit, in which everything is possible, but nothing of interest is easy.”//(%%)**  **
301: 
302: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)current interactive programming environments are not sufficient for supporting domain workers ? level of representation is still too far removed from the conceptual world of the domain workers
303: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)claim: they emphasize objective computability ? the challenge: subjective computability
304: 
305: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**The Inverse of the Turing Tar Pit: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//“Beware of the over-specialized systems, where operations are easy, but little of interest is possible.”//
306: 
307: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)domain-specific tools (such as SimCity) provide extensive support for certain problem contexts
308: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)but: the ability to extend these environments is limited — even minor incremental changes are impossible in these systems
309: 
310: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
311: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Domain-Oriented Design Environments: Exploring Middle Ground**
312: 
313: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
314: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Turing Tar Pit: Inverse of the Turing Tar Pit:**
315: 
316: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
317: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Saw + Wood**     **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Construction**(%%)**    **Plastic Car
318: 
319: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
320: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Kits**
321: 
322: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
323: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)[[image:output_html_m18f0a487.gif||border="0" height="378" name="graphics9" width="765"]]
324: 
325: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
326: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Weak General System**
327: 
328: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
329: [[image:output_html_75709d29.gif||border="0" height="378" name="graphics10" width="652"]]
330: 
331: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
332: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Strong Specific System**
333: 
334: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
335: [[image:output_html_m171967a4.gif||border="0" height="367" name="graphics11" width="644"]]
336: 
337: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
338: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Suite of Strong Specific Tool:
339: Threshold of Frustration (Complexity Barrier)**
340: 
341: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
342: [[image:output_html_m20b98208.gif||border="0" height="271" name="graphics12" width="452"]]
343: 
344: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claims:**
345: 
346: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)any functionality that lies above the Threshold of Frustration does not exist in human terms
347: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the technological expertise of the computer scientists making these systems must be matched or exceeded by their knowledge of people and their capabilities
348: 
349: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
350: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Reduce the Cognitive Load with Communicating Networked Tools**
351: 
352: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
353: [[image:output_html_5b28416f.gif||border="0" height="408" name="graphics13" width="690"]]
354: 
355: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
356: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)from “functioning independently” ? “communicating”
357: 
358: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
359: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(tools knowing about each other: location aware, functionally aware of each other)
360: 
361: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
362: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**What are the Tradeoffs?**
363: 
364: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)strengths and weaknesses of **Super-Appliances**
365: 
366: * …………………………
367: * …………………………
368: 
369: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)strengths and weaknesses of **Domain-Oriented Tools**
370: 
371: * …………………………
372: * …………………………
373: 
374: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**global considerations / analogies**
375: 
376: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)in biological systems, there is a tendency for specialized organisms to win out over generalized ones
377: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Buxton’s argument: “the evolution of technology will likely be no different”
378: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 15pt" %)rather(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %) than converging towards ever more complex multifunction tools ? we must diverge towards a set of simpler more specialized tools
379: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)questions:
380: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)isn’t the Swiss Army knife a counter example?
381: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)will PDAs and phone become one device?
382: 
383: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
384: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Educational Implications: How do we educate the **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**“Renaissance Scholar”**(%%)** of the 21^^st^^ Century?**
385: 
386: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claim:** the design principles that we can apply to the social engineering that addresses this issue are the same as those of the engineering of future information appliances.
387: 
388: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)weak-general vs strong-specific systems
389: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)discipline specialization vs general holistic knowledge
390: 
391: * (% style="color:#000000;" %)given the **constraints on human ability** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(% style="color:#000000;" %) how can we expect an individual to maintain the requisite specialist knowledge in their technological discipline, while at the same time have the needed competence in industrial design, sociology, anthropology, psychology, etc.,
392: 
393: * (% style="color:#000000;" %)Renaissance man and woman have **not** been viable for the past 300-400 years (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(% style="color:#000000;" %) the world has simply become too complex
394: 
395: * (% style="color:#000000;" %)the notion of (%%)//**renaissance team**//(% style="color:#000000;" %) ( = (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**reflective community**//(% style="color:#000000;" %)) is viable: a social network of specialists from different disciplines working as a team with a common language
396: 
397: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
398: (% style="color:#000000;" %)**Desired but **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Unrealistic**(% style="color:#000000;" %)** — “Superhuman” (software and domain expert)**
399: 
400: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
401: [[image:output_html_31d31d29.gif||border="0" height="475" name="graphics14" width="594"]]
402: 
403: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
404: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Realistic**(%%)**: Learning “something” about the Other Domain**
405: 
406: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
407: [[image:output_html_26a50c78.gif||border="0" height="474" name="graphics15" width="618"]]
408: 
409: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
410: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Objective: Reflective Communities**
411: 
412: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
413: {{id name="_1075359876"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1069311972"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1067259447"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1067258115"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1032532397"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1000601101"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1013538319"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1008853629"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1008619893"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1008619147"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1008068321"}}{{/id}}{{id name="_1008068248"}}{{/id}} [[image:output_html_m643f2c26.gif||border="0" height="503" name="graphics16" width="629"]]
414: 
415: (% type="FOOTER" %)
416: (((
417: (% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
418: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 31 HCC Course, Fall 2010
419: )))
Course Pages

Recently Modified

MSC Final Project ...
MakeShiftCrew Proj...
Embedding Content
Human-Centered Com...
Assignment12KyleMa...
See More Changes
Recently Created

WebPreferences | RatingStats | palen | ksiek | kena
Wiki source code of Lecture 5

Course Pages

Recently Modified

Recent Comments

Recently Created
