Wiki source code of Lecture 15

Last modified by Hal Eden on 2010/10/28 20:54
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  1: [[[[image:http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/ubi/template/identity/adobe/screen/icon/pdf.gif||alt="pdf file"]]pdf version>>attach:L15-CoP-CoI-Oct27.pdf]]
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 11: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 12: **Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
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 15: **but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
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 18: **- Albert Einstein**
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 21: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; background: #e5e5e5; border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0in" %)
 22: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Communities of Practice and Communities of Interest**
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 24: 
 25: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 26: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
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 28: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 29: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**;  **
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 31: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 32: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**October 13, 2010**
 33: 
 34: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 35: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Paper:** Fischer, G., & Ostwald, J. (2005) "Knowledge Communication In Design Communities." In R. Bromme, F. Hesse, & H. Spada (Eds.), Barriers and Biases in Computer-Mediated Knowledge Communication, [[__http:~~/~~/l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~~~gerhard/papers/fi_ost-final.pdf__>>http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~gerhard/papers/fi_ost-final.pdf||class="western"]]
 36: 
 37: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 38: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Dimensions of Computer-Mediated Communication in Design**
 39: 
 40: * //**spatial**//** (across distance)** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) requiring networks
 41: 
 42: 
 43: * //**temporal **//**(across time)** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) requiring support for asynchronous, indirect, long-term communication
 44: 
 45: 
 46: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**conceptual **//**(across different communities)**(%%) (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) requiring support for common ground and shared understanding
 47: 
 48: 
 49: * //**technological**//** (between persons and artifacts)** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) requiring knowledge-based, domain-oriented systems
 50: 
 51: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 52: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Few Claims / Hypotheses about Communities**
 53: 
 54: * “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//Digital technologies are adept at maintaining communities already formed. They are less good at making them” //— J.S. Brown / P. Duguid: "The Social Life of Information", Harvard Business School Press, 1999, p 226
 55: 
 56: 
 57: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the importance of the role of digital technologies in supporting and even creating community is dependent on the existing opportunities possessed by enough people with similar interests to communicate and coordinate in an elective and on-going fashion
 58: 
 59: 
 60: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)digital technologies themselves can not create a community — but: if there's a "community waiting to happen," a group of people with similar interests or similar minds who have no other way of getting together ? digital technologies can be the very reason those people find each other
 61: 
 62: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 63: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Important Dimensions**
 64: 
 65: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**media competition**
 66: 
 67: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people prefer F2F interaction if given a choice, and therefore will ignore digital media in favor of class discussion
 68: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)opportunities to do the work F2F are extremely limited or non-existent
 69: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)how much of the resistance to computer-mediated communication is due to habit or clunky interfaces and will be outgrown in future generations?
 70: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)how important is it that the participants have met each other?
 71: 
 72: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**nicheness**
 73: 
 74: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)LINUX developers groups
 75: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)parents with autistic children
 76: 
 77: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**autonomy of participants**
 78: 
 79: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**trust**
 80: 
 81: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)trust is as important as motivation in building groups
 82: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)F2F is credited with building trust better
 83: 
 84: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 85: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Distance — Conceptual Dimension**
 86: 
 87: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
 88: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Communities of Practice and Communities of Interest**
 89: 
 90: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**Communities of Practice (CoPs)**//,(%%) defined as groups of people who share a professional practice and a professional interest
 91: 
 92: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**Communities of Interest**//**  //(CoIs)//**,(%%) defined as groups of people (typically coming from different disciplines) who share a common interest, such as framing and solving problems and designs artifacts (Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory)
 93: 
 94: * **for details see:**
 95: 
 96: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 97: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Fischer, G. (2001) "Communities of Interest: Learning through the Interaction of Multiple Knowledge Systems," 24th Annual Information Systems Research Seminar In Scandinavia (IRIS'24), pp. 1-14.
 98: 
 99: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
100: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)[__http:~/~/www.cs.colorado.edu/~~gerhard/papers/iris24.pdf__]
101: 
102: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
103: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Communities of Practice (CoPs):
104: **(%%)**Homogenous Design Communities**
105: 
106: * **CoPs: **practitioners who work as a community in a certain domain** **
107: 
108: * **examples: **architects, urban planners, research groups, software developers, software users, kitchen designers, computer network designer, voice dialog systems designers ……
109: 
110: * **learning:**
111: 
112: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)masters and apprentices
113: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)
114: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)develop a notion of belonging
115: 
116: * **problems: (% style="color:#800080;" %)//“group-think”//(%%)** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) when people work together too closely in communities, they sometimes suffer illusions of righteousness and invincibility
117: 
118: * **systems: **domain-oriented design environments (e.g.: kitchen design, computer network design, voice dialogue design, …..)** **
119: 
120: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
121: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP)**
122: 
123: 
124: * LPP describes how newcomers become experienced members and eventually old timers of a community of practice or collaborative project
125: 
126: 
127: * newcomers become members of a community initially by participating in simple and low-risk tasks that are nonetheless productive and necessary and further the goals of the community
128: 
129: 
130: * through peripheral activities, novices become acquainted with the tasks, vocabulary, and organizing principles of the community
131: 
132: 
133: * as newcomers become old timers, their participation takes forms that are more and more central to the functioning of the community
134: 
135: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
136: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Communities of Practice and Legitimate Peripheral Participation**
137: 
138: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.06in; page-break-before: always" %)
139: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**LPP in Open Source Communities**
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141: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
142: [[image:output_html_m3a960d3.gif||border="0" height="478" name="graphics2" width="725"]]
143: 
144: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
145: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Communities of Interest (CoIs):
146: **(%%)**Heterogeneous Design Communities**
147: 
148: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
149: (% style="color:#ff00ff;" %)“(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)//**Innovations come from outside the city wall.”— Kouichi Kishida**//
150: 
151: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
152: (% style="color:#ff00ff;" %)“(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)//**I don’t know who discovered water, but it probably wasn’t a fish”— Marshall McLuhan**//
153: 
154: * **CoIs = **bring different CoPs together to solve a problem (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) membership in CoIs is defined by a shared interest in the framing and resolution of a design problem
155: 
156: * **diverse cultures**
157: 
158: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people from academia and from industry
159: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)software designers and software users
160: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)students and researchers from around the world
161: 
162: * **fundamental challenges:**
163: 
164: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)establish a common ground by building a shared understanding of the task at hand (which often does not exist up-front, but is evolved incrementally and collaboratively
165: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)learning to communicate with others who have a different perspective
166: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)primary goal: not **“moving toward a center” (CoP)** but **“integrating diversity”**
167: 
168: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
169: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Communities of Interest: Bringing Different CoPs Together**
170: 
171: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
172: [[image:output_html_m2c2a76f9.gif||border="0" height="453" name="graphics3" width="469"]]
173: 
174: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.06in; page-break-before: always" %)
175: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Software Developers and Software Users 
176: —
177: A Community of Interest (CoI)**
178: 
179: * “//system requirements are not so much analytically specified as they are collaboratively evolved through an iterative process of consultation between end-users and software developers”//
180: 
181: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.56in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
182: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Computer Science Technology Board (1990) "Scaling Up: A Research Agenda for Software Engineering," //Communications of the ACM,// 33(3), pp. 281-293.
183: 
184: 
185: * “//System development is difficult not because of the complexity of technical problems, but because of the social interaction when users and system developers learn to create, develop and express their ideas and visions”//
186: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Greenbaum, J., & Kyng, M. (Eds.) (1991) Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ.)
187: 
188: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
189: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**CoIs: Beyond Novices, Experts, and LPP**
190: 
191: 
192: * in CoIs: **the center does not hold** (or: a center can not be uniquely defined)
193: 
194: 
195: * **multiple** expertise:
196: 
197: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)participants are experts in their own domain, but **laypersons** in other people’s domain of expertise
198: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)laypersons do not want to become experts in the other domains and they do not have the time to become experts
199: 
200: 
201: * **systemic problems **requiring multiple expertise
202: 
203: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)professionals with complementary expertise interact and cooperate
204: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)all stakeholders have to know something about the respective knowledge domains of their cooperation partners
205: 
206: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
207: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Differentiating CoPs and CoIs**
208: 
209: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
210: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Dimensions**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**CoPs**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**CoIs**
211: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**nature of problems**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)different tasks in the same domain|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)common task across multiple domains
212: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**knowledge development**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)refinement of one knowledge system; new ideas coming from within the practice|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)synthesis and mutual learning through the integration of multiple knowledge systems
213: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**major objectives**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)codified knowledge, domain coverage|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)shared understanding, making all voices heard
214: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**weaknesses**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)group-think|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)lack of a shared understanding
215: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**strengths**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)shared ontologies|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)social creativity; diversity; making all voices heard
216: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**people**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)beginners and experts; apprentices and masters|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)stakeholders (owners of problems) from different domains
217: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="172" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**learning**|(% width="273" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)legitimate peripheral participation|(% width="274" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)informed participation
218: 
219: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
220: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Informed Participants**
221: 
222: * **informed participants are neither experts nor novices, but rather both:**
223: 
224: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)they are experts when they communicate their knowledge to others, and
225: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)they are novices when they learn from others who are experts in areas outside their own knowledge
226: 
227: * **informed participation is based on the claim that**
228: 
229: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)for many (design) problems, the knowledge to understand, frame, and solve these problems does not already exist, but must be collaboratively constructed and evolved during the problem-solving process
230: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)informed participation requires information, but mere access to information is not enough ? the participants must go beyond the information that exists to solve their problems
231: 
232: * **informed participation and supportive media:**
233: 
234: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the primary role of media is not to deliver predigested information to individuals, but to provide the opportunity and resources for social debate and discussion.
235: 
236: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; page-break-before: always" %)
237: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Communication Problems in CoIs**
238: 
239: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
240: [[image:output_html_m5c190864.gif||border="0" height="444" name="graphics4" width="590"]]
241: 
242: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
243: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Bridge Objects / Boundary Objects**
244: 
245: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
246: (% style="color:#ff00ff;" %)“(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//**If a lion could speak would we understand him?” — Wittgenstein**//
247: 
248: * **boundary objects serve**
249: 
250: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)to communicate and coordinate the perspectives of CoPs brought together for some purpose leading to the formation of a CoI
251: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the interaction between users and (computational) environments
252: 
253: * perform a **brokering role** involving translation, coordination and alignment between the perspectives of different CoPs
254: 
255: * **examples:**
256: 
257: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)boundary objects can bridge the gap between situation models and system models
258: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)prototypes serve as boundary objects between developers and users in participatory system design
259: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)examples: vocabulary problems, help system, software reuse, McGuckin hardware store, …
260: 
261: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
262: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**CoIs**(%%): Social Creativity and Boundary Objects
263: 
264: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
265: [[image:output_html_m6aab2a76.gif||border="0" height="451" name="graphics5" width="603"]]
266: 
267: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
268: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Vocabulary Problem**
269: 
270: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
271: **same abstractions, but people use different names for them**
272: 
273: 
274: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
275: [[image:output_html_m557a7249.gif||border="0" height="396" name="graphics6" width="554"]]
276: 
277: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
278: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Name for this Object?**
279: 
280: 
281: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
282: [[image:output_html_14705fe4.gif||border="0" height="404" name="graphics7" width="433"]]
283: 
284: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
285: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Gap between Situation and System Models**
286: 
287: 
288: 
289: 
290: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
291: [[image:output_html_58a83087.gif||border="0" height="263" name="graphics8" width="813"]]
292: 
293: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.06in; page-break-before: always" %)
294: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Comparison Between Different Collaboration Structures**
295: 
296: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="794" %)
297: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="119" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**CoPs**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**CoIs**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Teams**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Intensional Networks**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Knotworking**
298: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**example domains**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)open source communities|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)complex design problems|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
299: (((
300: (% style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
301: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)units in organizations
302: 
303: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
304: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)assembly line work
305: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)particular work projects cutting across organizational boundaries|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
306: (((
307: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.02in; margin-right: -0.06in; text-indent: -0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
308: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)flight crews
309: 
310: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.02in; margin-right: -0.06in; text-indent: -0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
311: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)operating room teams
312: )))
313: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**how do they come into existence**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)co-evolve with practice|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)solving complex design problems require multiple expertise|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)organizational planning and structuring|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)active cultivation by those who need their support|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)patterns in a work configuration
314: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**working conditions**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)well-defined professions|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
315: (((
316: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.08in; text-indent: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
317: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)confluence of multiple
318: 
319: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.08in; text-indent: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
320: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)practices
321: )))|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
322: (((
323: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
324: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)problem oriented situation
325: 
326: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
327: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)focus on task
328: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)flux and instability|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)responsibilities are distributed
329: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**well-established roles**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)masters and apprentices|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)stakeholders from different disciplines|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
330: (((
331: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
332: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)team as unit
333: 
334: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
335: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)team leader
336: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)collaboration across organizational boundaries|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)roles well defined collaborative practice is “plug and play”
337: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**duration**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)long-term|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)associated with specific projects|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)created and terminated from the outside|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)evolving over time|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)for specific tasks
338: 
339: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.06in; page-break-before: always" %)
340: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Comparison Between Different Communities / Networks**
341: 
342: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="794" %)
343: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="119" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**CoPs**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**CoIs**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Teams**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Intensional Networks**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Knotworking**
344: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**characteristics**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)defined by a shared and well-established practice|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)CoIs = communities of CoPs|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)defined by management|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)defined by a shared concern|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)non-negotiable roles in specific teams
345: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**challenges**|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
346: (((
347: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.04in; text-indent: 0.01in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
348: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)identity;
349: 
350: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.04in; text-indent: 0.01in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
351: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)well established centers
352: )))|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
353: (((
354: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.08in; text-indent: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
355: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)shared understanding;
356: 
357: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.08in; text-indent: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
358: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)boundary objects
359: 
360: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.05in; margin-right: -0.08in; text-indent: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
361: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)shifting centers
362: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)flexible, less predictable configuration of workers|(% width="120" %)“(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)who do I tell” and “who do I ask”|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)working together without knowing each others as persons
363: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**learning**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)legitimate peripheral participation;|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)exploit symmetry of ignorance as a source of power|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
364: (((
365: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in" %)
366: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)workshops
367: 
368: (% class="western" style="margin-left: -0.04in; margin-right: -0.05in; text-indent: 0in; margin-top: 0.03in" %)
369: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)interaction with design process
370: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)important: not what you know but who you know”|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)plays little role in flight crews ? highly trained professionals
371: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**problems**|(% width="120" %)“(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)group think”|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)lack of shared understanding|(% width="120" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
372: (((
373: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)too much “formally” defined; 
374: inflexible
375: )))|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)need to be continually maintained, updated|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)only applicable to environments in which people are highly trained
376: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="119" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**technological support**|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)DODEs|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)EDC|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)group memories|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Web2gether|(% width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)workflow systems
377: 
378: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
379: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Matching Media to Tasks**
380: 
381: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
382: [[image:output_html_mc4fccd9.png||border="0" height="385" name="graphics9" width="536"]]
383: 
384: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
385: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Covering a Wide-Spectrum of Activities with Media Integration**
386: 
387: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
388: [[image:output_html_m6a5ad128.png||border="0" height="300" name="graphics10" width="635"]]
389: 
390: (% type="FOOTER" %)
391: (((
392: (% style="margin-top: 0.41in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
393: /Volumes/Users/Users/l3dops/xwiki-enterprise-manager-mysql-2.4-prod/jetty/work/Jetty_0_0_0_0_8080_xwiki~_~_~_~_.jygat3/48a86232-ed03-438f-b214-8f03b9533820/input/L15-CoP-CoI-Oct27.doc(% style="font-size:0.6em;font-size: 8pt" %) 25
394: )))
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