Wiki source code of Lecture 12

Last modified by Hal Eden on 2010/10/08 15:14
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  1: [[[[image:http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/ubi/template/identity/adobe/screen/icon/pdf.gif||alt="pdf file"]]pdf version>>attach:L12-richer-ecologies.pdf]]
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  7: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)[[image:output_html_5492bed5.gif||border="0" height="202" name="graphics1" width="323"]]
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 12: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 13: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
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 15: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 16: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
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 18: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 19: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
 20: )))
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 22: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; background: #f2f2f2; border: 2.50pt solid #000000; padding: 0.01in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 23: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Richer Ecology of Participation**
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 26: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 27: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
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 29: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 30: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**;  **
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 33: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**October 11, 2010**
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 35: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 36: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**paper: **Preece, J., & Shneiderman, B. (2009) "The Reader-to-Leader Framework: Motivating Technology-Mediated Social Participation," AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(1), pp. 13-32.
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 39: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/xwiki.cs.colorado.edu/bin/download/HCCF2010/Relevant%20Resources/Reader%2Dto%2DLeader%2DFINAL.pdf>>http://xwiki.cs.colorado.edu/bin/download/HCCF2010/Relevant%20Resources/Reader%2Dto%2DLeader%2DFINAL.pdf||class="western"]](%%)__
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 41: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 42: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Reader-to-Leader Framework
 43: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
 44: 
 45: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)billions of people participate in online social activities
 46: 
 47: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)most users participate as **readers** of discussion boards, searchers of blog posts, or viewers of photos.
 48: 
 49: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a fraction of users become **contributors** of user-generated content by writing consumer product reviews, uploading travel photos, or expressing political opinions.
 50: 
 51: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)some users move beyond such individual efforts to become **collaborators**, forming tightly connected groups with lively discussions whose outcome might be a Wikipedia article or a carefully edited YouTube video.
 52: 
 53: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a small fraction of users becomes **leaders**, who participate in governance by setting and upholding policies, repairing vandalized materials, or mentoring novices
 54: 
 55: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 56: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Problem with Undifferentiated Views of Participation**
 57: 
 58: 
 59: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)some social media environments cannot be understood as simple aggregation of the behavior of some non-existent average use
 60: 
 61: 
 62: 
 63: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)any measure of “average” participation becomes meaningless
 64: 
 65: 
 66: 
 67: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the story of “Bill Gates entering a bar”
 68: 
 69: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 70: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A More Detailed Look at Participation**
 71: 
 72: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)participating in cultures of participation taps into the previously inaccessible knowledge of individual citizens and creates a sense of community
 73: 
 74: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)claim: despite the public and corporate enthusiasm and the proclamations of utopian visionaries, the reality is:
 75: 
 76: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)many web sites fail to retain participants
 77: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)tagging initiatives go quiet,
 78: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)online communities become ghost towns.
 79: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)many government agencies are reluctant to even try social participation, fearing public uprising, pornography, or slander.
 80: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)many social applications just aren’t social at all and see little or no activity
 81: 
 82: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claim:** there are few stories about durable large-scale successes that deal with difficult issues such as crime reporting, disaster response large scale epidemics such as AIDS, or fighting terror
 83: 
 84: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 85: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Richer Ecologies of Participation**
 86: 
 87: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**in the past:**//
 88: 
 89: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)software developers and users
 90: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)producers and consumers
 91: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)professionals and amateurs
 92: 
 93: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**in the future: more roles — beyond **//**passive, undifferentiated consumers**
 94: 
 95: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)producers, raters, taggers, curators, stewards, active users, passive users
 96: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**prosumers**— (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2006) Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Portofolio, Penguin Group, New York, NY.
 97: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**pro-ams** — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Leadbeater, C., & Miller, P. (2008) The Pro-Am Revolution — How Enthusiasts Are Changing Our Economy and Society, available at http:~/~/www.demos.co.uk/files/proamrevolutionfinal.pdf.
 98: 
 99: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**roles are distributed in communities:**//
100: 
101: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)power users, local developers, gardeners (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)— Nardi, B. A. (1993) A Small Matter of Programming, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
102: 
103: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**challenge: **support migration paths with “low threshold, high ceiling” architectures //
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105: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
106: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Reader-to-Leader Framework
107: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
108: 
109: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
110: [[image:output_html_2f23fccc.gif||border="0" height="272" name="graphics2" width="767"]]
111: 
112: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**terminology:**//
113: 
114: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
115: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="113" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Preece / Shneiderman|(% width="115" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)all users|(% width="115" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)reader|(% width="116" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)contributor|(% width="116" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)collaborator|(% width="107" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)leader
116: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="113" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)L3D|(% width="115" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)consumers (without knowing)|(% width="115" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)consumers (knowing)|(% width="116" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)contributor; decision maker|(% width="116" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)curators|(% width="107" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)meta-designers
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118: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
119: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Richer Ecologies of Participation**(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**:
120: Consumer ? Contributor ? Collaborator ? Meta-Designer**
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122: (% align="CENTER" class="western" lang="" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
123: [[image:output_html_731bdac1.png||border="0" height="409" name="O 7" width="808"]]
124: 
125: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
126: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Boundaries are not clear-cut**
127: 
128: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**consumers**
129: 
130: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)passive consumers (lurkers)
131: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)active consumers
132: 
133: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**active consumers (= contributors??) — example: reading a book**
134: 
135: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)reading a book (personal translation and integration)
136: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)highlighting and annotating the book extensively
137: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)sharing the annotations with others
138: 
139: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**lead users**(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %) (a concept identified by Eric von Hippel)
140: 
141: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)are inventors of successful innovations
142: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)have a high incentive to solve a problem
143: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)early adopters (ahead of the target market)
144: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)example: Tim Berners-Lee = inventor of WWW + he needed hypertext and networked computers
145: 
146: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
147: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Usability and Sociability Factors**
148: 
149: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
150: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**for**
151: 
152: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
153: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Socio-Technical Environments**
154: 
155: 
156: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**usability factors **are of interest to designers
157: 
158: 
159: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**sociability factors **are of interest to community participants, site owners, and managers
160: 
161: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
162: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Usability and Sociability Factors Influencing Consumers (Readers)
163: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
164: 
165: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
166: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Usability**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Sociability**
167: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Interesting and relevant content presented in attractive, well-organized layouts|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Encouragement by friends, family, respected authorities, advertising
168: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Frequently updated content with highlighting to encourage return visits|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Repeated visibility in online, print, television and other media
169: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Support for newcomers through tutorials, animated demos, FAQs, help, mentors, contacts|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Understandable and clear norms or policies
170: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Clear navigation paths so that users have a sense of mastery and control|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)A sense of belonging based on recognition of familiar people and activities
171: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Universal usability to support novice/expert, small/large display, slow/fast network, multilingual, and users with disabilities|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Charismatic leaders with visionary goals
172: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Interface design features to support reading, browsing, searching, and sharing|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Safety and privacy
173: 
174: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
175: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Books available as Printed Copies and as PDF files**
176: 
177: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Benkler, Y. (2006) The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom**
178: 
179: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)printed copy (to buy): Benkler, Y. (2006) The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yale University Press, New Haven.
180: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)PDF file (free): (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf>>http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf||class="western"]](%%)__
181: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)15,000 and 20,000 people have accessed the book electronically
182: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)some of them adding comments and links
183: 
184: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**von Hippel, E. (2005) Democratizing Innovation**
185: 
186: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)printed copy (to buy): von Hippel, E. (2005) Democratizing Innovation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
187: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)PDF file (free): (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm>>http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm||class="western"]](%%)__
188: 
189: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**why give away your work for free?**
190: 
191: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)preventing copying is impossible
192: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)with free copies authors attract people who buy printed copies
193: 
194: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
195: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Granularity of Participation for Contributors**
196: 
197: 
198: * (% lang="en-GB" %)**granularity** = refers to the size of the modules, in terms of the time and effort that an individual must invest in producing them
199: 
200: 
201: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**examples in Google SketchUP / 3D Warehouse:**
202: 
203: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)contributing a model to the 3D warehouse
204: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)rating a model
205: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)tagging a model
206: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)being a curator establishing a collection
207: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)downloading a model to Google Earth
208: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)difference between 3D Warehouse and EDC
209: 
210: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
211: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Usability and Sociability Factors that may influence Contributing
212: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
213: 
214: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
215: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Usability**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Sociability**
216: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Low threshold interfaces for easily making small contributions, e.g., no login|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Support for legitimate peripheral participation so that readers can gradually edge into contributing
217: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)High ceiling interfaces that allow large and frequent contributions|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)A chance to build their reputation over time while performing satisfying tasks
218: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Visibility for users’ contributions and frequency of views; aggregated over time|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Recognition for the highest quality and quantity of contributions
219: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Visibility of ratings and comments by community members|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Recognition of a person’s specific expertise
220: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Tools to undo vandalism, limit malicious users, control pornography and libel|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Policies and norms for appropriate contributions
221: 
222: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
223: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Curators**(%%)**: Overseeing / Organizing Collection of Objects**
224: 
225: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**curators:**
226: 
227: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**historically**: content specialists overseeing physical collection of objects
228: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**21st century**: the role has expanded to encompass digital objects as well as physical ones.
229: 
230: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**digital curatorship:**
231: 
232: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**similarities:** digital collections are essentially the same things as those with which curator's have always dealt with ? knowledge of the content, interpretation and access remain fundamental to the curator's task
233: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**differences:** knowledge of content and organization of collections of digital objects has been opened wide to those with the tools and infrastructure to access digital media ? anyone can take on the role of curator
234: 
235: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**example: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)**
236: 
237: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)has developed a **Curatorial Network Plan** where any registered professional or amateur may help develop content for species
238: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Master Curators** may be assigned to reconcile information for pages with multiple curatorial inputs
239: 
240: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
241: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Usability and Sociability Factors that may influence Collaborating
242: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
243: 
244: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
245: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Usability**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Sociability**
246: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Ways to locate relevant and competent individuals to form collaborations|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)An atmosphere of empathy and trust that promotes belonging to the community and willingness to work within groups to produce something larger
247: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Tools to collaborate: communicate within groups, schedule projects, assign tasks, share work products, request assistance|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Altruism: a desire to support the community, desire to give back, willingness to reciprocate
248: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Visible recognition and rewards for collaborators, e.g., authorship, citations, links, acknowledgements|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)The desire to develop a reputation for themselves and their collaborators, their group or community; the need to develop and maintain one’s status within the group
249: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="367" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Ways to resolve differences (e.g., voting), mediate disputes, and deal with unhelpful collaborators|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Respect for one’s status within the community
250: 
251: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
252: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Talk Page in Wikipedia**
253: 
254: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**talk page**
255: 
256: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)rich context attached to many Wikipedia articles
257: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)writers for an article hash out their differences, plan future edits, and come to agreement about tricky rhetorical points
258: 
259: 
260: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**value added:**
261: 
262: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)this kind of debate doubtless happens in the New York Times and Britannica as well, but behind the scenes
263: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Wikipedia readers can see it all, and understand how choices were made
264: 
265: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
266: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**From “Barack Obama” Talk Page
267: —
268: Commission report on oil spill**
269: 
270: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)A commission report on the Obama Administration's handling of the [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill||class="western"]](%%) was released today.[[(% style="color:#2d66bc;" %)[32]>>http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/06/commission-report-slams-governments-oil-spill-response/||class="western"]](%%) Should it be mentioned in the article? [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)Truthsort>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Truthsort||class="western"]](%%) ([[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)talk>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Truthsort||class="western"]](%%)) 15:25, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
271: 
272: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)This is meant to be a biography of Barack Obama's entire life, so I would argue that this report isn't [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)notable>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT||class="western"]](%%) enough within that context. There are a couple of daughter articles that would seem more appropriate places. ~-~- [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)Scjessey>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Scjessey||class="western"]](%%) ([[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)talk>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Scjessey||class="western"]](%%)) 15:34, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
273: 
274: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)There should probably be a short mention in this article under the [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)oil spill section>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Gulf_of_Mexico_oil_spill||class="western"]](%%). A more detailed entry would be better entered on the main article of the [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)oil spill>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill||class="western"]](%%) and the [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)Obama Presidency article>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama||class="western"]](%%). Although I would use references from the [[(% style="color:#2d66bc;" %)Washington Post>>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/06/AR2010100603238.html?hpid=topnews||class="western"]](%%) and [[(% style="color:#2d66bc;" %)New York Times>>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/science/earth/07spill.html?_r=1&amp;src=twt&amp;twt=nytimesscience||class="western"]](%%), with an additional link to the [[(% style="color:#2d66bc;" %)Commission's original report documents>>http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/library||class="western"]](%%). [[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)Dave Dial>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DD2K||class="western"]](%%) ([[(% style="color:#0045ae;" %)talk>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DD2K||class="western"]](%%)) 16:25, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
275: 
276: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
277: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Usability and Sociability Factors that may influence Leadership
278: **(% style="font-weight: normal" %)<<source: Preece & Shneiderman>>
279: 
280: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="757" %)
281: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Usability**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Sociability**
282: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Leaders are given higher visibility, and their efforts are highlighted, sometimes with historical narratives, special tributes, or rewards|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Leadership is valued and given an honored position and expected to meet expectations
283: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Leaders are given special powers, e.g., to promote agendas, expend resources, or limit malicious users|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Respect is offered for helping others and dealing with problems
284: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="365" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Mentorship efforts are visibly celebrated, e.g., with comments from mentees|(% width="366" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Mentors are cultivated and encouraged
285: 
286: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
287: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Participative Software Systems (PSS)**
288: 
289: 
290: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design does **not end at the time of deployment**
291: 
292: 
293: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)success hinges on **continued participations and contributions** of users at use time
294: 
295: 
296: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)achieve the **best fit** between the system and its ever-changing context of use, problems, domains, users, and communities of users by being evolved continuously at the hand of users
297: 
298: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
299: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Ecologies in Specific Systems**
300: 
301: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="810" %)
302: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**System**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="140" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Consumers**|(% bgcolor="#000080" colspan="2" width="166" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Contributors**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Collaborators**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Meta-Designer**
303: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Clever / MAPS**|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)clients (=people with cognitive disabilities)|(% width="154" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)caregivers who create scripts|(% width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)curators who organize the scripts|(% width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Stefan Carmien
304: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="153" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
305: (((
306: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Sketchup / 
307: 3D Warehouse**
308: )))|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the people who explore the world in 3D with Google Earth|(% width="154" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people who contribute, raters, tag models|(% width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)curators who create collections|(% width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)developers at Google
309: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Open Source**|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)passive users + bug reporters|(% width="154" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)bug fixers and developers|(% width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)core members moderators|(% width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)project leaders
310: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**CreativeIT Community**|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people who study the site|(% width="154" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people who create content|(% width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people who reorganize the site from time to time (reseeding)|(% width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Hal Eden Holger Dick and Xwiki developers
311: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory**|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)people living with designs created by others|(% width="154" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)stakeholders participating in design sessions|(% width="165" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)leaders of specific application projects|(% width="124" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Hal Eden and Ernie Arias
312: 
313: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
314: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Open Source Software (OSS) Systems**
315: 
316: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)original designers of OSS systems do not provide a complete solution that addresses all problems of potential users
317: 
318: 
319: * (% lang="en-GB" %)they provide an “//under-designed seed//” as a solution space that can be evolved by its users at use time via making the source code available
320: 
321: 
322: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)enabling conditions for collaborative construction of software by changing software from a fixed entity that is produced and controlled by a closed group of designers to an open effort that allows a community to design collaboratively by
323: 
324: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)changing source code
325: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)sharing changes over the Internet
326: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)foster social support among community members
327: 
328: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
329: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**End-Users and Developers in **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Software Systems**
330: 
331: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
332: [[image:output_html_m771a2ede.gif||border="0" height="388" name="graphics3" width="805"]]
333: 
334: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
335: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Ecologies in Open Source Communities**
336: 
337: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
338: [[image:output_html_m3a960d3.gif||border="0" height="524" name="graphics4" width="794"]]
339: 
340: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
341: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Roles and Community Structure in OSS Communities**
342: 
343: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Passive User **use the system in the same way as most of us use commercially available Closed Source Software. They are attracted to OSS mainly due to its high quality and the potential to be changed when needed.
344: 
345: 
346: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Readers** are active users of the system; they not only use the system, but also try to understand how the system works by reading the source code.
347: 
348: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Bug Reporters** discover and report bugs; they do not fix the bugs themselves, and they may not read source code either. They assume the same role as testers in the traditional software development model.
349: 
350: 
351: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Bug Fixers** fix bugs that either they discover by themselves or are reported by other members. Bug Fixers have to read and understand a small portion of the source code of the system where the bug occurs.
352: 
353: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
354: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Roles and Community Structure in OSS Communities**
355: 
356: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Peripheral Developers** occasionally contribute new functionality or features to the existing system. Their contribution is irregular, and the period of involvement is short and sporadic.
357: 
358: 
359: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Active Developers** regularly contribute new features and fix bugs; they are one of the major development forces of OSS systems.
360: 
361: 
362: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Core Members** are responsible for guiding and coordinating the development of an OSS project. Core Members are those people who have been involved with the project for a relative long time and have made significant contributions to the development and evolution of the system.
363: 
364: 
365: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Project Leaders** are often the person who has initiated the project. They are responsible for the vision and overall direction of the project.
366: 
367: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
368: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Funnel Effect**
369: 
370: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: -0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
371: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)<<**source**: Porter, J. (2008) //Designing for the Social Web.,// New Riders., Berkeley, CA>>
372: 
373: 
374: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="778" %)
375: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="376" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
376: (((
377: [[image:output_html_6901aad5.gif||border="0" height="365" name="graphics5" width="340"]]
378: )))|(% width="376" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
379: (((
380: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
381: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**aware**
382: 
383: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
384: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**interested**
385: 
386: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
387: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**first-time use**
388: 
389: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
390: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**regular use**
391: 
392: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
393: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**single contribution**
394: 
395: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
396: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**regular contributions**
397: 
398: (% align="CENTER" class="western" %)
399: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**passionate use and contributions**
400: )))
401: 
402: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
403: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Approximate Quantitative Data for a Specific Application (analysis: Holger Dick)**
404: 
405: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
406: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Wikipedia**(%%)** (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)(data: July 2010; Wikipedia)(%%)**
407: 
408: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**readers**
409: 
410: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)around 360 million unique visitors in July
411: 
412: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**contributors**
413: 
414: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1,185,536 contributors (615473 in English Wikipedia)
415: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)users are considered contributors if they have made at least 10 edits since creating their account
416: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)81,071 of them were active (36148 in English Wikipedia)
417: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)contributors are considered "active" if they have made at least 5 edits in July 2010
418: 
419: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**collaborators**
420: 
421: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1756 Admins in English Wikipedia (as of 10/4/2010)
422: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10389 collaborators (3661 in English Wikipedia); users with at least 100 contributions in July alone
423: 
424: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**leaders**
425: 
426: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)36 Bureaucrats in English Wikipedia (as of 10/4/2010)
427: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)27 wikimedia foundation employees (as of June 2009)
428: 
429: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
430: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Ecology of Participation: Roles in English Wikipedia**
431: 
432: (% border="1" bordercolor="#ffff00" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" frame="VOID" rules="GROUPS" width="779" %)
433: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Name**|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Definition**|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Category**|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**#**
434: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Reader|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)reads|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Reader|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)millions
435: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Contributor|(% width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)10 contribs|(% width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Participant|(% width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)615473
436: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Regular Contr.|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)5 contribs/month|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Participant|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)36148
437: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Very Active Contr.|(% width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)100 contribs/month|(% width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Curators|(% width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)10389
438: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Admin|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Elected|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Curators|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)1756
439: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Bureaucrat|(% width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Elected|(% width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Meta-Designer|(% width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)36
440: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#ffffff" width="223" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Employee|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="227" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Paid|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="185" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Meta-Designer|(% bgcolor="#d2eaf1" width="96" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)27
441: 
442: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
443: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Funnel Effect: Ratios**
444: 
445: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)contributor/collaborator ratio:
446: 
447: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)all contributors/admins: 350/1
448: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)active contributors/admins: 20/1
449: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)but: official number of Users/Admin varies significantly from these numbers, and between languages: 3400 for the German Wikipedia, 10532 for the Spanish Wikipedia
450: 
451: * 
452: ** (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)collaborator/leader ratio:
453: 
454: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)admins to (%%)b(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)ureaucrats: 49/1
455: * 
456: 
457: * 
458: ** (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)approxiate scale for reader (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) participant (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) curator (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) meta-designer:
459:  10,000,000 (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) 10,000 (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) 200 (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) 1
460: 
461: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
462: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**How to Reduce the Funnel Effect**
463: 
464: 
465: * 
466: ** (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**utility = value / effort**
467: 
468: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**value:** personally meaningful, incentives, reputation, beyond monetary rewards
469: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**effort:** lower cost for learning and acting, identify contextualized sweet spots
470: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Inverse of Turing Tar Pit: //“if the interface is too restrictive, people won’t use it”//
471: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Turing Tar Pit: //“if the interface is too flexible, people do not know how to use it”//
472: 
473: 
474: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)crowd-contributing works when tasks are broken down to **small enough pieces** so that the cost is low enough for individuals to move from consumers to contributors
475: 
476: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
477: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**How to Reduce the Funnel Effect**
478: 
479: 
480: 
481: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)how to **migrate** to the more demanding roles (from left to right in the diagram):
482: 
483: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)How do we encourage individuals to make the initial contribution?
484: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)How do we encourage first-time contributors to contribute again?
485: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)How do we encourage members to contribute at a higher level?
486: 
487: 
488: 
489: * 
490: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**support and foster community building**
491: 
492: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)technology cannot solve people problems
493: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)social human problems: garner interest, get people excited, find ways that people talk about the systems, …
494: 
495: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
496: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Guidelines for Participation**
497: 
498: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Embracing Users as Co-Designers
499: 
500: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Providing a Common Platform
501: 
502: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Enabling Legitimate Peripheral Participation
503: 
504: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Sharing Control
505: 
506: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Promoting Mutual Learning and Support
507: 
508: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Fostering a Social Rewarding and Recognition Structure
509: 
510: (% type="FOOTER" %)
511: (((
512: (% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.1in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
513: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 32 HCC Course, Fall 2010
514: )))
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