Wiki source code of The Seeding, Evolutionary Growth, Reseeding (SER) Model

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 12: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 13: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
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 15: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 16: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
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 19: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
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 24: ====== The Seeding, Evolutionary Growth, Reseeding (SER) Model
 25: \\ ======
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 27: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 28: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
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 31: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**;  **
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 33: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 34: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**September 29, 2010**
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 36: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
 37: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**paper:** Fischer, G., & Ostwald, J. (2002) "Seeding, Evolutionary Growth, and Reseeding: Enriching Participatory Design with Informed Participation," Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference, Malmö University, Sweden, pp. 135-143. [[__http:~~/~~/l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~~~gerhard/papers/pdc2002-ser.pdf__>>http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~gerhard/papers/pdc2002-ser.pdf||class="western"]]
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 40: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Observations**
 41: 
 42: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)we live in a world characterized by **evolution** – that is, by ongoing processes of development, formation, and growth in both natural and human-created systems
 43: 
 44: 
 45: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**biology** tells us that complex, natural systems are not created all at once but must instead evolve over time
 46: 
 47: 
 48: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)we are becoming increasingly aware that evolutionary processes are **ubiquitous and critical for social and technological innovations** as well
 49: 
 50: 
 51: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)this is particularly true for **complex human centered computational environments** because they do not exist in a technological context alone but are embedded within human organizations
 52: 
 53: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 54: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Theory and Practice of Design—A Quest for Evolution**
 55: 
 56: 
 57: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Dawkins — “The Blind Watchmaker”: **big-step reductionism cannot work as an explanation of mechanism; we can't explain a complex thing as originating in a single step
 58: 
 59: 
 60: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Simon — “The Sciences of the Artificial”:** complex systems evolve faster if they can build on stable subsystems
 61: 
 62: 
 63: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Petroski — “To Engineer Is Human”:** the role of failure in successful design
 64: 
 65: 
 66: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Brooks — “No Silver Bullet”:** successful software gets changed, because it offers the possibility to evolve
 67: 
 68: 
 69: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Polanyi — “The Tacit Dimension”**: knowledge is tacit (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) we know more than we can say
 70: 
 71: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 72: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations**
 73: 
 74: 
 75: * “(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//Our whole problem is to make the mistakes as fast as possible.”// (foreword to the book by John Archibald Wheeler) — **breakdowns as opportunities**
 76: 
 77: 
 78: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)criticism of our conjectures is of decisive importance and all of our knowledge grows only through the correcting of our mistake— **critiquing systems**
 79: 
 80: 
 81: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)there are all kinds of sources of our knowledge but none has authority — **symmetry of ignorance and mutual competency**
 82: 
 83: 
 84: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the advance of knowledge consists in the modification of earlier knowledge — **evolution**
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 87: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Complex Systems**
 88: 
 89: 
 90: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design processes often take place over many years, with initial design followed by extended periods of **evolution and redesign**
 91: 
 92: 
 93: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)in **urban development**:
 94: 
 95: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)naturally grown cities: London, Paris
 96: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)designed cities: Brasilia, Canberra, Abudja
 97: 
 98: 
 99: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)in **software design**: importance of
100: 
101: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**design rationale**
102: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**redesign and reuse** //(“complex systems evolve faster if they can build on stable subsystems”// (Simon)
103: 
104: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
105: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Principles Coping with Complex Systems**
106: 
107: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**software systems must evolve**
108: 
109: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)they cannot be completely designed prior to use
110: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)design is a process that intertwines problem solving and problem framing
111: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)software users and designers will not fully determine a system’s desired functionality until that system is put to use
112: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)systems must be open enough to allow “emergent behavior”
113: 
114: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**software systems must evolve at the hands of the users (**(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** meta-design)**
115: 
116: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)end users experience a system’s deficiencies; subsequently, they have to play an important role in driving its evolution
117: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)software systems need to contain mechanisms that allow end-user modification of system functionality
118: 
119: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**software systems must be designed for evolution** —
120: 
121: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)systems need to be designed **a priori** for evolution
122: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)systems must be **underdesigned** to support emergent new ideas
123: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**software architectures** need to be developed for software that is designed to evolve
124: 
125: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
126: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**The Seeding, Evolutionary Growth, Reseeding (SER) Model**
127: 
128: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**at design time:**
129: 
130: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)development of an initial system that can change over time (seed)
131: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)underdesign: creating design options for users
132: 
133: 
134: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**at use time:**
135: 
136: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users will experience breakdowns at use time
137: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)end-user modifications allow users to address limitations they experience
138: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)evolutionary growth through incremental modifications
139: 
140: 
141: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**reseeding:**
142: 
143: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)significant reconceptualization of the system
144: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)lack at all incremental modifications, mitigate conflicts between changes, and establish an enhanced system
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146: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
147: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Simplified Illustration of the SER Model**
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149: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
150: [[image:output_html_m12f0c74a.gif||border="0" height="336" name="graphics2" width="773"]]
151: 
152: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**SER model** accounts for and facilitates the understanding of:
153: 
154: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)differentiation between design time and use time
155: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)relation to learning and contributing
156: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the way that these concepts/objectives depend on each other
157: 
158: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
159: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Extended **(%%)**Illustration of the SER Model**
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161: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
162: [[image:output_html_4b9aaa05.gif||border="0" height="429" name="graphics3" width="765"]]
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164: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
165: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Evolution at the Different Levels of the SER Model**
166: 
167: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Evolution of Individual Artifacts (“Artifact”)**
168: 
169: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)ontogenic development of an individual artifact
170: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the computer networks within CU Boulder and the Computer Science Department specifically
171: 
172: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Evolution of the Domain (“DODE”)**
173: 
174: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)phylogenic development of a generic species
175: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Computer network design ? new network devices, new design guidelines, new simulation support, and new design rationale
176: 
177: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Evolution at the Conceptual Framework Level (“multifaceted architecture”)**
178: 
179: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)domain-oriented construction kits
180: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)support for evaluating the quality of an artifact ? development of critics
181: * “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)reflection-in-action” by making argumentation serve design ? argumentation component and a specification component
182: 
183: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
184: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Example:**(% style="font-weight: normal" %) (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**SER Model and Courses as Seeds**
185: 
186: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
187: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Courses As Finished Products**
188: 
189: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**instructionist approach:** learners listen and answer problems given to them by the instructor
190: 
191: 
192: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the learners are **recipients** of knowledge (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) the assumption is that the teacher/instructional designer has all the relevant knowledge)
193: 
194: 
195: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)this model is
196: 
197: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**adequate**: for courses where the learners get into a new field and therefore might have little to contribute
198: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**not adequate**: it does not account for mutual competency and symmetry of ignorance
199: 
200: 
201: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**quality** is solely determined by the knowledge of the teachers and their ability to present the knowledge effectively
202: 
203: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
204: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Courses as Seeds**
205: 
206: 
207: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**community of learners approach**: learners are knowledgeable people in their own domain of expertise and they are not just passive recipients of knowledge, but act (at least from time to time) active contributors
208: 
209: 
210: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**value adde:**
211: 
212: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)at the end of the course, the content of the course will be greatly enriched through a semester-long interaction of knowledgeable people and important and relevant information will be incorporated into the course before it is taught the next time
213: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)a model for learning in a knowledge society which is built upon distributed cognition, peer-to-peer learning, articulated learners, long-tail knowledge distribution
214: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)a necessity for many domains/aspects of lifelong learning where communities of learners engage in the incremental construction and evolution of knowledge facilitated by a teacher
215: 
216: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
217: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Example:**(%%)** SER as a Foundation for Next Generation Wikis**
218: 
219: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
220: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[http:~~/~~/l3dswiki.cs.colorado.edu:3232/CreativeIT/>>http://l3dswiki.cs.colorado.edu:3232/CreativeIT/||class="western"]]__
221: 
222: 
223: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
224: [[image:output_html_63c97127.gif||border="0" height="397" name="graphics4" width="773"]]
225: 
226: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
227: (% style="color:#800080;" %)**Example:**(%%)** Google’s 3D Warehouse**
228: 
229: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
230: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)http:~~/~~/sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/modelcycle?scoring=d>>http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/modelcycle?scoring=d||class="western"]](%%)__**
231: 
232: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
233: [[image:output_html_1bd07fbc.gif||border="0" height="492" name="graphics5" width="714"]]
234: 
235: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
236: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**SER Model: Relationships and Emerging Themes**
237: 
238: 
239: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Relationships:**
240: 
241: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)domain-oriented design environments
242: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)meta-design
243: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)participatory design
244: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design/use time
245: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)tipping point
246: 
247: 
248: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Emerging Themes**
249: 
250: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)continuing design in use
251: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)end-user programming and development
252: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)open source software
253: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)web 2.0 technologies
254: 
255: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
256: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Seeding**
257: 
258: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)explore **middle ground** between empty frameworks/architectures and complete systems
259: 
260: 
261: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)seeding by **anticipation**
262: 
263: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)in domains with well-established practices seeding requires anticipating users’ most specific needs (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)professionally-oriented design
264: 
265: 
266: 
267: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)seeding by **participation**
268: 
269: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)in domains with loosely defined practices seeding requires the participation of user representatives (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)participatory design
270: 
271: 
272: 
273: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)seeding by **emergence**
274: 
275: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)in domains characterized by a high degree of freedom and unpredictability seeding requires users’ spontaneous and direct engagement (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)meta-design
276: 
277: (% align="CENTER" lang="it-IT" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
278: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Evolutionary Growth**
279: 
280: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)what will **motivate** people to contribute? (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) utility = value / effort
281: 
282: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**addition:**
283: 
284: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)data and/or functionalities are added to the system
285: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)new infrastructures are implemented and/or created
286: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)new users join the community of participants
287: 
288: * (% lang="it-IT" %)**composition**:
289: 
290: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)data, functionalities, and infrastructures are created by recombining, exchanging, and reusing existing ones
291: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users aggregate and re-aggregate on the basis of their interests and social relationships
292: 
293: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**modification**
294: 
295: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)existing data, functionalities, and infrastructures are updated, changed, or even eliminated;
296: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)users acquire new knowledge, interests, and skills
297: 
298: (% align="CENTER" lang="it-IT" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
299: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Reseeding: Why?**
300: 
301: 
302: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**People “cannot” participate**
303: 
304: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)technical infrastructures are no longer efficient
305: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)they cannot satisfy new requirements and/or policies
306: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the seed is no longer usable
307: 
308: 
309: 
310: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**People “do not” participate**
311: 
312: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)social and technical infrastructures are no longer adequate to support users’ practices and engagement
313: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the seed has decreased in value
314: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the seed is no longer useful
315: 
316: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
317: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Reseeding: How?**
318: 
319: 
320: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**when people cannot participate:**
321: 
322: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Generalization**: additions, compositions, and modifications are generalized and integrated to “recompose” an artifact that has evolved into incompatible versions at the hands of different users
323: 
324: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Re-factoring**: redundancies are thrown away to bring order into an artifact that has become too “messy”
325: 
326: 
327: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**when people do not participate:**
328: 
329: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Facilitation:** data, functionalities, or motivational strategies are implemented ad hoc as an opportunity to stimulate participation
330: 
331: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Tuning:** infrastructures for communication and interaction are adjusted in order to comply, for example, with new policies enforced by institutional authorities
332: 
333: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
334: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Challenges Associated with the SER Model**
335: 
336: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: -0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
337: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)<<**source:** Fogli, D. & Giaccardi, E.(2005): “Make It Flourish! Revising the Idea of Seed in Metadesign”>>
338: 
339: 
340: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**build for engagement**
341: 
342: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)enable technical and social infrastructures to evolve
343: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)encourage an active relationship between people and artifacts
344: 
345: 
346: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**enable modifiability**
347: 
348: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)content & functionalities
349: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)social interaction paths
350: 
351: 
352: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**sustain reflexivity**
353: 
354: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)critiquing mechanisms
355: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)annotation mechanisms
356: 
357: 
358: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**encourage social practice**
359: 
360: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)social interaction
361: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)community strategies
362: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)institutional policies
363: 
364: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
365: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Challenges Associated with the SER Model**
366: 
367: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**give users authority to create value**
368: 
369: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)ease of use
370: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)shareability
371: 
372: 
373: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**perform evaluative thinking**
374: 
375: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)continuous and iterative process
376: 
377: 
378: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**allow reseeding**
379: 
380: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)complementary process
381: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)generalization and re-factoring
382: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)facilitation and tuning
383: 
384: 
385: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**think multidimensionally**
386: 
387: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)balance anticipatory, participatory and emergence approaches
388: 
389: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
390: (% style="color:#800080;" %)**Example:**(%%)** the American Constitution**
391: 
392: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: -0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
393: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**<<source:** Simon, H. A. (1996) //The Sciences of the Artificial,// The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA>>
394: 
395: 
396: 
397: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**society as the client** — “//the members of an organization or a society for whom plans are made are not passive instruments, but are themselves designers who are seeking to use the systems to further their own goals//”
398: 
399: 
400: 
401: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**how do we want to leave the world for the next generation? **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** desiderata:**
402: 
403: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)a world offering as many alternatives as possible to future decision makers, avoiding irreversible commitments they cannot undo
404: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)to leave the next generation of decision makers with a better body of knowledge and a greater capacity for experience
405: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)essential task: to keep open the options for the future or perhaps even to broaden a bit by creating new variety and new niches
406: 
407: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
408: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The United States Constitution**
409: 
410: 
411: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="808" %)
412: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="89" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**seed**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="255" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**evolutionary growth**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="426" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**reseeding**
413: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="89" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1787|(% width="255" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
414: (((
415: (% class="western" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.06in" %)
416: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1791: Bill of Rights
417:  10 amendments
418: 
419: (% class="western" style="margin-top: 0.06in" %)
420: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1791-2009: 17 amendments
421: )))|(% width="426" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)amendments to the U.S. constitution are appended to the existing body of the text without altering or removing what already exists
422: 
423: 
424: 
425: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**amendment process (part of the seed) — **the authors of the Constitution
426: 
427: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)were clearly aware changes would be necessary from time to time if the Constitution was to endure and cope with the effects of the anticipated growth of the nation
428: 
429: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)were conscious that such change should not be easy, lest it permit ill-conceived and hastily passed amendment
430: 
431: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
432: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Evolution in Biology versus Evolution in the Human-Made World — a Word of Caution**
433: 
434: 
435: 
436: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**the evolutionary metaphor must be approached with caution because**
437: 
438: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 1.04in; text-indent: -0.26in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
439: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)- there are //vast differences//** **between the (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**world of the made**(%%) and the (% style="color:#800080;" %)**world of the born**
440: 
441: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 1.04in; text-indent: -0.26in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
442: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)- one is the result of (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**purposeful human activity**(%%), the other the outcome of a (% style="color:#800080;" %)**random natural process**
443: 
444: 
445: 
446: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**does software develop according to the “punctuated equilibrium” theory?**
447: 
448: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 1.04in; text-indent: -0.26in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
449: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)- if yes, what causes the periods of increased change (subroutines, object-oriented programming, the World Wide Web (WWW), Web 2.0)?
450: 
451: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
452: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Theory of the "Punctuated Equilibrium"**
453: 
454: 
455: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Stephen Jay Gould’s (Biologist) theory of the "punctuated equilibrium"**
456: 
457: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the fossil record long periods of stasis followed by rapid bursts of evolution ? this view has replaced the earlier prevailing view of continuous evolutionary change
458: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the bursts of evolutionary change in the punctuated equilibrium view are brought about by changes in the environment: a meteor crashes to earth, two continents collide, someone invents penicillin, etc
459: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)after such dramatic events there are rapid changes in biological organisms until a new equilibrium is reached.
460: 
461: 
462: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claim: the evolution of social-technical systems follows a similar pattern**
463: 
464: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
465: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Punctuated Equilibrium**
466: 
467: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
468: (% style="color:#000000;" %)[[image:output_html_m5bd450d8.gif||border="1" height="408" name="graphics6" width="718"]]
469: 
470: (% type="FOOTER" %)
471: (((
472: (% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
473: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 26 HCC Course, Fall 2010
474: )))
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