Wiki source code of Lecture 9

Last modified by Hal Eden on 2010/09/27 14:52
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  1: [[[[image:http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/ubi/template/identity/adobe/screen/icon/pdf.gif||alt="pdf file"]]pdf version>>attach:L9-meta-design-sept27.pdf]]
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  3: (% border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="page-break-before: always" width="772" %)
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  5: (((
  6: [[image:output_html_5492bed5.gif||border="0" height="202" name="graphics1" width="323"]]
  7: )))|(% width="424" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
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 11: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 12: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
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 14: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 15: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
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 17: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 18: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
 19: )))
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 21: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; background: #f2f2f2; border: 2.50pt solid #000000; padding: 0.01in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 22: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 28pt" %)**Meta-Design**(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**: 
 23: **(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**A Framework for the Future of End-User Development (EUD)**
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 26: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 27: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
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 29: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 30: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**;  **
 31: 
 32: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 33: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**September 27, 2010**
 34: 
 35: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 36: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**paper:** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Fischer, G. (2007): "Meta-Design: Expanding Boundaries and Redistributing Control in Design", Proceedings of the Interact'2007 Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September, pp. 193-206; [[http:~~/~~/l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~~~gerhard/papers/Interact-2007.pdf>>http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~~gerhard/papers/Interact-2007.pdf||class="western"]]
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 38: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 39: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Topics**
 40: 
 41: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)meta-design
 42: 
 43: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)end-users and end-users development
 44: 
 45: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design time and use time
 46: 
 47: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)examples:
 48: 
 49: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Macros (in Word)
 50: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)CLever/MAPS
 51: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory
 52: 
 53: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)boundaries, control, motivation
 54: 
 55: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)meta-design: democratizing design in many application domains
 56: 
 57: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 58: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design**
 59: 
 60: 
 61: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design = **creating new media and new technologies that allow users to act as **designers and be creative **(rather than being confined to consumers)
 62: 
 63: 
 64: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design emphasizes**
 65: 
 66: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the creation of context rather than content
 67: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)puts the tools rather than the object of design in your hands
 68: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)does not define a product, but the conditions for a process of interaction
 69: 
 70: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 71: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design: Exploring Middle Ground**
 72: 
 73: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 74: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Turing Tar Pit: Inverse of the Turing Tar Pit:**
 75: 
 76: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 77: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Saw + Wood**     Construction    **Plastic Car
 78: 
 79: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 80: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Kits**
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 82: (% style="margin-top: 0.04in; margin-bottom: 0.04in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 83: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)[[image:output_html_m18f0a487.gif||border="0" height="378" name="graphics2" width="765"]]
 84: 
 85: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 86: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design and Technical Construction Kits: An Airplane**
 87: 
 88: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 89: [[image:output_html_33cd9412.gif||border="0" height="490" name="graphics3" width="358"]]
 90: 
 91: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 92: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Meta-Design and Technical Construction Kits: A Tipper Truck**
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 94: 
 95: 
 96: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 97: [[image:output_html_2bf2193c.gif||border="0" height="407" name="graphics4" width="731"]]
 98: 
 99: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
100: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Why Meta-Design?**
101: 
102: 
103: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design for **diversity** (for “a universe of one” (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) CLever Project)
104: 
105: 
106: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)design as a process is **tightly coupled to use** and continues during the use of the system
107: 
108: 
109: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)addresses and overcome problems of **closed systems**
110: 
111: 
112: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)prerequisite for **social creativity** and innovation
113: 
114: 
115: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)transcends a **“consumer mindset”**
116: 
117: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
118: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design — How We Think About It**
119: 
120: 
121: 
122: * (% style="color:#ff00ff;" %)“(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)if you give a fish to a human, you will feed him for a day — if you give someone a fishing rod, you will feed him for life”(%%) (Chinese Proverb)
123: 
124: 
125: 
126: 
127: 
128: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design** extends this to:
129: 
130: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
131: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)“(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**if we can provide the knowledge, the know-how, and the tools for making fishing rods, we can feed the whole community”**
132: 
133: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 1.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
134: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Computer Scientists and End-Users**
135: 
136: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**computer scientist / programmers**
137: 
138: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)find computers intrinsically interesting
139: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)like computers because they get to program
140: 
141: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**end-users:**
142: 
143: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)are the owners of problems, have the domain knowledge, are competent practitioners and like computers because they get their work done
144: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)regard computers as useful machines capable of helping them work more productively, creatively, and with greater pleasure
145: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)end-user programmers are motivated by their domain and not by the merits of producing high-quality, dependable code
146: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)enormous diversity between end-users
147: 
148: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**ultimate goal / belief:** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)end-users will use, tailor, extend and create their own computational artifacts if they have a supportive socio-technical environment
149: 
150: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**communities of users will develop: **power users, local developers, gardeners
151: 
152: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
153: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Number of “Programmers” (in the USA)**
154: 
155: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**3 million** professional programmers
156: 
157: 
158: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**12 million** people in workplaces that “do programming” at work
159: 
160: 
161: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**50 million** use spreadsheets and databases (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) they may potentially program doing
162: 
163: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)spreadsheets systems
164: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)web authoring tools
165: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)business process authoring tools
166: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)graphical languages
167: 
168: 
169: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**source:**
170: 
171: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Scaffidi, C., Shaw, M., & Myers, B. (2005) "Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End User Programmers." In Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, Dallas, Texas
172: 
173: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
174: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**What Do Meta-Designers Do?**
175: 
176: 
177: 
178: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)use their own creativity to create socio-technical environments in which other people can be creative
179: 
180: 
181: 
182: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)create (% style="color:#800080;" %)**technical**(%%) and (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**social**(%%) conditions for broad participation in design activities which are as important as creating the artifact itself
183: 
184: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
185: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Concepts of Meta-Design**
186: 
187: 
188: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="779" %)
189: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Concept**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Implications**
190: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)convivial tools|(% width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)allow users to invest the world with their meaning and to use tools for the accomplishment of a purpose they have chosen
191: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)domain-orientation|(% width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)bring task to the forefront; provide time on task
192: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)open, evolvable systems|(% width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)put owners of problems in charge; in open systems, extension is an essential part of use
193: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)underdesigned systems|(% width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)create seeds and constructs for design elaboration at use time
194: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="249" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)collaborative work practices|(% width="504" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)support design communities and the emergence of power users
195: 
196: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
197: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Consumer and Designers — A Continuum**
198: 
199: 
200: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
201: [[image:output_html_2785aa63.png||border="0" height="395" name="graphics5" width="738"]]
202: 
203: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
204: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Time and Use Time**
205: 
206: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
207: [[image:output_html_m1224df06.gif||border="0" height="368" name="graphics6" width="701"]]
208: 
209: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
210: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**world-as-imagined world-as-experienced**
211: 
212: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
213: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**prediction reality**
214: 
215: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
216: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**planning situated action**
217: 
218: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
219: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Computational Media
220: —
221: Extending Design Opportunities at Use Time**
222: 
223: 
224: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**print media:** a fixed context for use time is decided at design time
225: 
226: 
227: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**computational media**:
228: 
229: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)presentations at use time can take advantage of contextual factors only known at use time (about tasks, users, social systems,.....)
230: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)examples: specification sheets and usage data, supporting dynamic forms, dynamic websites, user and task specific maps and traffic schedules....
231: 
232: 
233: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**evolving existing systems: **users (acting as designers) can transcend at use time the boundaries of the systems as developed at design time
234: 
235: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
236: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Putting Owners of Problems in Charge: a Necessity not a Luxury
237: —
238: **(%%)**An Interview with a Geoscientist at CU Boulder**
239: 
240: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//I spend in average an hour every day developing software for myself to analyze the data I collected because there is not any available software.
241:  //**? “reality is not user-friendly” and problems are unique**
242: 
243: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//Even if there is a software developer sitting next to me, it would not be of much help because my needs vary as my research progresses and I cannot clearly explain what I want to do at any moment. 
244: //**? ill-defined problems cannot be delegated; they require “unselfconscious cultures of design”**
245: 
246: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//Even if the software developer can mange to write a program for me, I will not know if he or she has done it right without looking at the code.
247:  //**? back-talk of the artifact under construction has to go back to the owner of the problem**
248: 
249: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
250: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Interview (continued)**
251: 
252: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//So I spent three months to gain enough programming knowledge to get by. Software development has now become an essential task of my research, but I do not consider myself a software developer and I don’t know many other things about software development. //(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)//?//(%%)//  (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)  //(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**this geoscientist obviously is not just an end-user (or a “none-professional”); his software has thousands of lines and he has considerable programming skills
253: \\**(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)** it is equally obvious that he is not a software professional and does not intend to become one
254: \\**(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)** the number of end users creating software is far larger than the number of professional programmers.**
255: 
256: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
257: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design Concepts (in Microsoft Word)
258: —
259: Users as Co-Developers**
260: 
261: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**tailor**// and //**customize**// the system by setting different parameters as their personal preferences
262: 
263: 
264: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**extend**// and //**evolve**// existing information structures (e.g., menus, spelling dictionaries, auto-correct tables, …)
265: 
266: 
267: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)write //**macros**// to create new operations (an example of “programming by example” or “programming by demonstration”)
268: 
269: 
270: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)create //**programs in VisualBasic**// to extend the functionality of the system
271: 
272: 
273: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**share**// the user-defined extensions
274: 
275: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
276: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Macro for Unwrapping Text**
277: 
278: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
279: (% style="color:#000000;" %)[[image:output_html_641648a8.png||border="3" height="481" hspace="2" name="graphics7" vspace="2" width="517"]]
280: 
281: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
282: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design in the Cognitive Lever (CLever) Project**
283: 
284: 
285: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
286: [[image:output_html_m6f4220a6.gif||border="0" height="332" name="graphics8" width="745"]]
287: 
288: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
289: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**MAPS Script Editor**
290: 
291: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
292: [[image:output_html_55cb002b.gif||border="0" height="517" name="graphics9" width="550"]]
293: 
294: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
295: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Use of MAPS in Mobility-for-All**
296: 
297: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
298: [[image:output_html_2592b302.png||border="0" height="512" name="graphics10" width="400"]][[image:output_html_5dfdad68.gif||border="0" height="484" name="graphics11" width="330"]]
299: 
300: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
301: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Meta-Design Aspects in the Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory**
302: 
303: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
304: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Closed versus Open Systems**
305: 
306: 
307: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**example for a closed system: SimCity — **too much crime
308: 
309: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)solution supported: build more police stations ((% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**fight crime**(%%))
310: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)solution not supported: increase social services, improve education ((% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**prevent crime**(%%))
311: 
312: 
313: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**important goal of EDC: **create end-user modifiable versions of SimCity, because:
314: 
315: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)background knowledge can never be completely articulated
316: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the world changes
317: 
318: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
319: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Web 2.0: A Focus on Meta-Design**
320: 
321: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**source:** Tim O’Reilly //“What is Web 2.0 — Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software” //
322: at: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html>>http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html||class="western"]](%%)__
323: 
324: 
325: 
326: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
327: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Web 1.0 Web 2.0**
328: 
329: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
330: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Britannica Online ? Wikipedia
331: 
332: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
333: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)personal website ? blogging
334: 
335: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
336: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)publishing ? participation
337: 
338: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
339: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)content management systems ? wikis
340: 
341: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
342: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)scheduled software releases ? continuous improvements
343: 
344: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
345: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)individual contributions ? collective intelligence
346: 
347: 
348: 
349: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**claim**: network effects from user contributions (= knowledge sharing) are the key to market dominance in the Web 2.0 era
350: 
351: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
352: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Examples of Web 2.0 Environments Supported by Meta-Design**
353: 
354: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="779" %)
355: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Site**|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Objectives**
356: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)iTunes U|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)distribute digital lessons by faculty members from “certified institutions”
357: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)YouTube|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)video sharing website
358: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Encyclopedia of Life (EoL)|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)document 1.8 million living [[species>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species||class="western"]] known to science
359: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Google-Maps|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)maps and task-related directions
360: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Google-SketchUp and 3D Warehouse|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)model the whole world in 3D
361: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Scratch|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)programming environment and support for sharing creations
362: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)PatientsLikeMe|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)enables patients who suffer from life-changing diseases to converse
363: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Crisis Informatics|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)explores the synthesis between broadcast news and information provided by directly involved people
364: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Stepgreen|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)library of energy saving actions
365: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)OpenEI|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)open-data source (Wiki) for energy information
366: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="296" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)CreativeIT Wiki|(% width="457" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)support researchers interested in creativity
367: 
368: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
369: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Cost-Scope Trade-offs in End-User Development (EUD) Tools**
370: 
371: 
372: 
373: 
374: 
375: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="773" %)
376: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="268" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
377: (((
378: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
379: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Cost of Learning /**
380: 
381: (% class="western" %)
382: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Scope**
383: )))|(% width="243" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**High**|(% width="224" %)(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Low**
384: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="268" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
385: (((
386: 
387: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**High**(%%)\\
388: )))|(% width="243" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
389: (((
390: 
391: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Java / C++
392: )))|(% width="224" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
393: (((
394: 
395: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)EUD Ideal?
396: )))
397: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="268" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
398: (((
399: 
400: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Low**(%%)\\
401: )))|(% width="243" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
402: (((
403: 
404: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Hardware design
405: )))|(% width="224" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
406: (((
407: 
408: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Domain-oriented design environments
409: )))
410: 
411: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
412: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design: **(% style="color:#000000;" %)**Expanding Boundaries**
413: 
414: 
415: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)power of the few (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) **wisdom of the crowds**
416: 
417: 
418: 
419: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)socio-technical environments are **living entities**
420: 
421: 
422: 
423: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)breaks down the sharp distinction between designers and users: **users become co-designers**
424: 
425: 
426: 
427: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**democratizes design and innovation:** meta-design eliminates the constraint that users are restricted to what is given to them
428: 
429: 
430: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**revolutionizes the creation of systems: **creates// //foundation for social production and mass collaboration
431: 
432: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
433: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Meta-Design: Redistributing Control**
434: 
435: 
436: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)developers and user-designers: sharing control
437: 
438: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)benign dictatorship
439: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)council control
440: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)complete decentralized
441: 
442: 
443: 
444: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)control is desired only for personally meaningful problems
445: 
446: 
447: 
448: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the pitfalls associated with a “do-it-yourself” society
449: 
450: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
451: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Motivational Aspects and Meta-Design**
452: 
453: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**what will make humans want to become designers/active contributors over time?**
454: 
455: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)serious working and learning does not have to be unpleasant but can be personally meaningful, empowering, engaging, and fun
456: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)comment by an artist: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//“programming is not hard, but it is boring”//
457: 
458: 
459: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**what will make humans want to share?** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) requires: mindset change, culture change, community knowledge bases, gift cultures, social capital
460: 
461: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)more details: Fischer, G., Scharff, E., & Ye, Y. (2004) "Fostering Social Creativity by Increasing Social Capital." In M. Huysman, & V. Wulf (Eds.), Social Capital and Information Technology, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 355-399.
462: 
463: 
464: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**who is the beneficiary and who has to do the work?** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) organizational rewards
465: 
466: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
467: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Utility = **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Value**(%%)** / (% style="color:#993366;" %)Effort(%%)**
468: 
469: 
470: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**increase in **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**value**(%%)**: motivation and rewards for a “design culture”**
471: 
472: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)feeling in control (i.e., independent from “high-tech scribes”)
473: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)being able to solve or contribute to the solution of a problem
474: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)mastering a tool in greater depth
475: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)making an ego-satisfying contribution to a group
476: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)enjoying the feeling of good citizenship to a community (“social capital”)
477: 
478: 
479: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**decrease in **(% style="color:#993366;" %)**effort**(%%)**:**
480: 
481: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)meta-design is hard
482: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)extending meta-design to design for design communities
483: 
484: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
485: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Consumer and Designers — Beyond Binary Choices**
486: 
487: 
488: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**claims:**
489: 
490: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)there is nothing wrong being a consumer (watching a tennis match, listening to a concert, ...)
491: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the same person wants to be a consumer in some situations and in others a designer
492: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)consumer / designer is not an attribute of a person, but of a context 
493: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**consumer / designer ? f{person} **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)** f{context}**
494: 
495: 
496: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**problems:**
497: 
498: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)someone wants to be a designer but is forced to be a consumer (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**personally meaningful activities**//
499: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)someone wants to be a consumer but is forced to be a designer (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//**personally irrelevant activities**//
500: 
501: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
502: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Meta-Design: Democratizing Design in Many Application Domains**
503: 
504: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**design:**(%%) customization, personalization, tailorability, end-user development, design for diversity — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Lieberman, H., Paterno, F., & Wulf, V. (Eds.) (2006) //End User Development - Empowering people to flexibly employ advanced information and communication technology, //Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
505: 
506: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**architectural design:**(%%) underdesign, support for “unself-conscious culture of design” — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Brand, S. (1995) How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built, Penguin Books, New York.
507: 
508: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**teaching and learning:**(%%) teachers as facilitator, learning communities, courses-as-seeds — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)dePaula, R., Fischer, G., & Ostwald, J. (2001) "Courses as Seeds: Expectations and Realities," Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (Euro-CSCL' 2001), Maastricht, Netherlands, pp. 494-501.
509: 
510: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**informed participation:**(%%) beyond access, social creativity — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Arias, E. G., Eden, H., Fischer, G., Gorman, A., & Scharff, E. (1999) "Beyond Access: Informed Participation and Empowerment," Proceedings of the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL '99) Conference, Stanford, pp. 20-32.
511: 
512: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
513: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Democratizing Design in Many Application Domains — Continued**
514: 
515: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**open source:**(%%)** **a success model of decentralized, collaborative, evolutionary development — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Scharff, E. (2002) //Open Source Software, a Conceptual Framework for Collaborative Artifact and Knowledge Construction//, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder.
516: 
517: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**living organizational memories:**(%%)** **living organizational memories such as Web2Gether — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)dePaula, R. (2004) The Construction of Usefulness: How Users and Context Create Meaning with a Social Networking System, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder.
518: 
519: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**digital libraries: **(%%)community digital library —(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %) Wright, M., Marlino, M., & Sumner, T. (2002) Meta-Design of a Community Digital Library, D-Lib Magazine, Volume 8, Number 5, Available at http:~/~/www.dlib.org/dlib/may02/wright/05wright.html.
520: 
521: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**interactive art:**(%%) collaboration, co-creation, puts the tools rather than the object of design in the hands of users — (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)Giaccardi, E. (2004) Principles of Metadesign: Processes and Levels of Co-Creation in the New Design Space, Ph.D. Dissertation, CAiiA-STAR, School of Computing, Plymouth, UK.
522: 
523: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
524: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Conclusions**
525: 
526: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design offers:**
527: 
528: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)to invent and design a culture in which all participants in collaborative design processes can express themselves and engage in personally meaningful activities
529: 
530: 
531: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design requires**
532: 
533: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a new (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**mindset**(%%) of all participants
534: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)designers giving up some (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**control **(%%)at design time(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**  **
535: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**active contributors**(%%) and not just passive consumers at use time
536: 
537: 
538: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design raises many issues and research problems of fundamental importance **including
539: 
540: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)new design methodologies
541: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a new understanding of cognition, collaboration, and motivation
542: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)the design of new media and new technologies
543: 
544: (% type="FOOTER" %)
545: (((
546: (% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
547: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 34 HCC Course, Fall 2010
548: )))
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