Wiki source code of Lecture 8

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  1: [[[[image:http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/ubi/template/identity/adobe/screen/icon/pdf.gif||alt="pdf file"]]pdf version>>attach:L8-design-method-sept22.pdf]]
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 11: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 12: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
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 14: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 15: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
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 17: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 18: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
 19: )))
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 23: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Design Methodologies**
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 26: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 27: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**
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 29: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 30: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**;  **
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 32: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
 33: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**September 22, 2010**
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 35: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
 36: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**background: **Web Site of the CHI 2007 Workshop “Converging on a ‘Science of Design’ through the Synthesis of Design Methodologies” at:** **[[__http:~~/~~/swiki.cs.colorado.edu:3232/CHI07Design/__>>http://swiki.cs.colorado.edu:3232/CHI07Design/||class="western"]]
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 38: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 39: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design for Which World?**
 40: 
 41: 
 42: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Objective world: **quality is a question of prediction and control
 43: 
 44: 
 45: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Social world: **quality is a question of ethics determined through communication and interpretation
 46: 
 47: 
 48: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Subjective world: **quality is a question of aesthetics centered on emotional experiences
 49: 
 50: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 51: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Trade-Offs: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Complexity**(%%)** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)??(%%) (% style="color:#800080;" %)Simplicity(%%)**
 52: 
 53: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Don Norman: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Complexity**
 54: 
 55: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)I argue in favor of complexity, against the simple-minded notion that things should be simple. Simplicity is boring.
 56: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)We want richness and depth in our lives.
 57: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the world and our activities are inherently complex, so the tools we use must match that complexity.
 58: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)We don't want confusion, perplexity, and confusion ? we want our complex tools and activities to be understandable.
 59: 
 60: 
 61: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**John Maeda: **(% style="color:#800080;" %)**Simplicity**
 62: 
 63: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)we can learn to simplify without sacrificing comfort and meaning
 64: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10 laws:
 65: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)law-1: Reduce = it is not beneficial to add technology features just because we can
 66: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)law-10: simplicity is about subtracting the obvious, and adding the meaningful
 67: 
 68: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 69: [[image:output_html_m64315333.gif||border="0" height="547" name="graphics2" width="359"]]
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 71: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 72: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Major Challenges for (Software) Design**
 73: 
 74: 
 75: 
 76: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Importance of Application Domain Knowledge**
 77: 
 78: 
 79: 
 80: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Supporting Communication and Coordination**
 81: 
 82: 
 83: 
 84: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Designing Open and Evolvable Systems**
 85: 
 86: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**source: **Curtis, B., Krasner, H., & Iscoe, N. (1988) "A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems," //Communications of the ACM,// 31(11), pp. 1268-1287.
 87: 
 88: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
 89: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Different Generations of Design Methods**
 90: 
 91: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**1st Generation (before 1970) — //example//**: waterfall-type models
 92: 
 93: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//directionality and causality//
 94: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//separation of analysis from synthesis//
 95: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//major drawback: (a) perceived by the designers as being unnatural, and (b) does not correspond to actual design practice//
 96: 
 97: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//**2nd Generation in the early 70'es — **//(% style="font-style: normal" %)**example:**(%%)// participatory design//
 98: 
 99: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//participation — expertise in design is distributed among all participants//
100: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//argumentation — various positions on each issue//
101: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//major drawback: insisting on total participation neglects expertise possessed by a well-informed and skilled designer//
102: 
103: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**3rd Generation (in the late 70'es) — //example//**: meta-design
104: 
105: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//inspired by Popper: the role of the designer is to make expert design **conjectures**//
106: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//these conjectures must be open to refutation, rejection, and elaboration by the people for whom they are made//
107: 
108: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
109: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Waterfall Model (strictly sequential)**
110: 
111: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
112: [[image:output_html_m73aba56a.png||border="0" height="503" name="graphics3" width="654"]]
113: 
114: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
115: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Waterfall Model (with Feedback)**
116: 
117: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
118: [[image:output_html_m2e75ca94.gif||border="0" height="455" name="graphics4" width="667"]]
119: 
120: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
121: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Spiral Model**
122: 
123: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
124: [[image:output_html_652a5d63.gif||border="0" height="515" name="graphics5" width="512"]]
125: 
126: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
127: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Overview of Different Design Methodologies**
128: 
129: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**professionally-dominated design**
130: 
131: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)works best for people with the same interests and background knowledge
132: 
133: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**user-centered design**
134: 
135: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)analyze the needs of the users
136: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)understand the conceptual worlds of the users
137: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)very different from user-design (design done by users; facilitated by meta-design)
138: 
139: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**learner-centered design**
140: 
141: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)low threshold and high ceiling
142: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)draws attention to the changing needs of users
143: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)combine HCI interaction principles with educational interaction support
144: 
145: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**participatory design**
146: 
147: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)involve users more deeply in the process as co-designers by empowering them to propose and generate design alternatives
148: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)focus on system development at design time by bringing developers and users together to envision the contexts of use
149: 
150: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
151: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Different Design Methodologies — continued**
152: 
153: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**collaborative design**
154: 
155: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the power of many hands and many heads
156: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)communities of practice and communities of interest (**more in lecture on: Oct 27**)
157: 
158: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**meta-design (more in lecture on Sept 27)**
159: 
160: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)create design opportunities at use time
161: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)improvisation, local knowledge, tacit knowledge getting activated in actual use situations is supported
162: 
163: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**value-sensitive design (Batya Friedman)**
164: 
165: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)an approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and systematic manner throughout the design process
166: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)[[(% style="font-style: normal" %)__http:~~/~~/depts.washington.edu/vsdesign/__>>http://depts.washington.edu/vsdesign/||class="western"]]
167: 
168: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**emotional design (Donald Norman)**
169: 
170: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)questions: does cheap wine taste better in fancy glasses?
171: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)claim: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//“when a product is aesthetically pleasing and plays to our ideas about ourselves and society, we experience it positively”//
172: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)__http:~/~/www.jnd.org/__
173: 
174: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
175: [[image:output_html_1a87b4f.gif||border="0" height="548" name="graphics6" width="366"]]
176: 
177: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
178: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Professionally-Dominated**(%%)** Design**
179: 
180: 
181: 
182: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Motto of the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair:**
183: 
184: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
185: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Science Finds,
186: 
187: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
188: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Industry Applies,
189: 
190: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
191: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Man Conforms
192: 
193: 
194: 
195: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**A person-centered motto for the 21st century:**
196: 
197: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
198: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)People Propose,
199: 
200: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
201: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Science Studies,
202: 
203: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-style: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
204: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Technology Conforms
205: 
206: 
207: 
208: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**source: **Norman, D. A. (1993) Things That Make Us Smart, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.
209: 
210: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
211: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Professionally-Dominated**(%%)** Design**
212: 
213: 
214: 
215: 
216: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.06in; text-indent: -0.01in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
217: [[image:output_html_7ae22ce3.gif||border="0" height="171" name="graphics7" width="801"]]
218: 
219: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
220: [[image:output_html_b4e8fa7.gif||border="0" height="578" name="graphics8" width="394"]]
221: 
222: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
223: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**User-Centered **(%%)**Design — More than “Ease-of-Use”**
224: 
225: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**human-computer interaction is more than user interfaces**
226: 
227: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.49in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
228: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//Applying the Macintosh style to poorly designed applications and machines is like trying to put Béarnaise sauce on a hot-dog! (A. Kay)//
229: 
230: 
231: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**make systems useful and usable**
232: 
233: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.49in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
234: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//If ease of use was the only valid criterion, people would 
235: stick to tricycles and never try bicycles. (D. Engelbart)//
236: 
237: 
238: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**support human problem-domain interaction**
239: 
240: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.49in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
241: (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//Interfaces get into the way. I don't want to focus my energies on an interface. I want to focus on the job. (D. Norman)//
242: 
243: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
244: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Usable and / versus Useful **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)Usable(%%) as Main Objective**
245: 
246: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)novices
247: 
248: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)limited functionality
249: 
250: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)low threshold to get started
251: 
252: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)walk-up and use
253: 
254: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)experts exist
255: 
256: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)understandable model of the complete system can be developed
257: 
258: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)examples: water faucets, ATMs, VCRs,
259: 
260: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
261: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Usable and / versus Useful **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** (% style="color:#800080;" %)Useful(%%) as Main Objective**
262: 
263: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)skilled users
264: 
265: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)broad functionality
266: 
267: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)high ceiling for skilled users
268: 
269: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)no “experts” ((% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) learning on demand is a necessity rather than a luxury)
270: 
271: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)no complete models
272: 
273: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)end-user modifiability, programmability
274: 
275: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)examples: Unix, MS-Word, Excel, Mathematica, Photoshop
276: 
277: (% align="CENTER" style="text-indent: -0.01in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
278: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Learner-Centered**(%%)** Design**
279: 
280: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)it has been years since most designers were children
281: 
282: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)many myths of what children want have developed in the design world
283: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)children should be part of the design process in order dispel the myths
284: 
285: 
286: 
287: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)learner-centered design requires redefining the modeling task, focusing on providing support to learners while they engage in activities that are normally beyond their abilities
288: 
289: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)scaffolding
290: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)tools for living versus tools for learning
291: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)focus on developing a learner's understanding, rather than on improving usability issues
292: 
293: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
294: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Tools for Living and Tools for Learning**
295: 
296: 
297: * (% style="font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;" %)**tools for living (doing tasks with tools):**
298: 
299: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)grounded in a distributed intelligence perspective
300: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)intelligence is mediated by tools for achieving activities that would be error prone, challenging, or impossible to achieve (e.g., microscope, telescope, ...)
301: 
302: 
303: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**tools for learning (scaffolding with fading):**
304: 
305: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//objective//: autonomous performance by people without tools
306: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//examples//: training wheels, wizards, external scripts, templates, prompting systems
307: 
308: 
309: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**the fundamental question:** what does it mean to (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**“learn”**(%%)** in the 21st century** in which powerful tools are available for many intellectual activities?
310: 
311: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
312: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Tools for Living**
313: 
314: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
315: [[image:output_html_m6d56c367.gif||border="0" height="351" name="graphics9" width="558"]]
316: 
317: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
318: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Tools for Learning**
319: 
320: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
321: [[image:output_html_699489ec.gif||border="0" height="494" name="graphics10" width="412"]]
322: 
323: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
324: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Participatory**(%%)** Design**
325: 
326: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)attempts to actively involve the end users in the design process to help ensure that the product designed is **useful** and **usable**
327: 
328: 
329: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)used in **software design, urban design, architecture, landscape architecture, and planning** as a way of creating environments that are more responsive and appropriate to their inhabitants and users cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical needs
330: 
331: 
332: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a series of bi-annual conferences
333: 
334: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)[[(% style="font-style: normal" %)http:~~/~~/pdc08.informatics.indiana.edu/>>http://pdc08.informatics.indiana.edu/||class="western"]]
335: 
336: (% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
337: [[image:output_html_m78de2677.gif||border="0" height="110" name="graphics11" width="765"]]
338: 
339: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
340: [[image:output_html_m5f39fe93.gif||border="0" height="601" name="graphics12" width="368"]]
341: 
342: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.63in; text-indent: -0.24in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
343: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Participatory Design**
344: 
345: 
346: 
347: 
348: 
349: (% align="CENTER" style="text-indent: -0.01in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.25in" %)
350: [[image:output_html_mdc8e7af.gif||border="0" height="171" name="graphics13" width="784"]]
351: 
352: (% align="CENTER" style="text-indent: -0.01in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
353: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Collaborative**(%%)** Design**
354: 
355: 
356: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**why?**
357: 
358: * (% style="font-style: normal" %)design problems are (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//**systemic problems**//(% style="font-style: normal" %); they seldom fall within the boundaries of one specific domain ? they require the participation and contributions of several stakeholders with various backgrounds
359: 
360: 
361: 
362: * (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**concepts:**
363: 
364: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)symmetry of ignorance
365: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)conceptual collision
366: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)epistemological pluralism to avoid group-think
367: 
368: (% align="CENTER" style="text-indent: -0.01in; margin-bottom: 0.06in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
369: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Basic Patterns of Collaborative Design**
370: 
371: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
372: [[image:output_html_m6e5bb4e8.gif||border="0" height="458" name="graphics14" width="764"]]
373: 
374: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
375: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Dimensions of Collaboration: 
376: Spatial, Temporal, Conceptual, Technological**
377: 
378: (% align="LEFT" border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" dir="LTR" width="772" %)
379: |(% bgcolor="#000080" height="6" valign="TOP" width="95" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Dimension|(% bgcolor="#000080" valign="TOP" width="179" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Rationale|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Addressed by|(% bgcolor="#000080" colspan="2" width="174" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Media / Technologies|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="120" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Challenges
380: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% height="7" width="95" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**spatial**|(% width="179" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)participants are unable to meet face-to-face; low local density of people sharing interests|(% width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)computer-mediated communication|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)e-mail, chat rooms, video conferences, local knowledge in global societies|(% colspan="2" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)achieve common ground; involve large communities //(“the talent pool of the whole world")//;
381: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% height="6" width="95" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**temporal**|(% width="179" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)design and use time: who is the beneficiary and who has to do the work?|(% width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)long-term, indirect communication; meta-design|(% width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)group memories, organizational memories|(% colspan="2" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)build on the work of the giants before us; design rationale, reflexive CSCW
382: 
383: 
384: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
385: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Dimensions of Collaboration: Continued**
386: 
387: (% align="LEFT" border="1" bordercolor="#000080" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" dir="LTR" width="783" %)
388: |(% bgcolor="#000080" height="6" valign="TOP" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Dimension|(% bgcolor="#000080" valign="TOP" width="131" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Rationale|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="152" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Addressed by|(% bgcolor="#000080" colspan="2" width="164" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Media / Technologies|(% bgcolor="#000080" width="131" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Challenges
389: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% height="7" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**conceptual __within__ domains**|(% width="131" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)shared understanding|(% width="152" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)communities of practice (CoPs), legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)|(% width="143" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)domain-oriented design environments (DODEs)|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
390: (((
391: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)innovation; 
392: avoid 
393: group-think
394: )))
395: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% height="7" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**conceptual __between__ domains**|(% width="131" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)make all voices heard|(% width="152" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)communities of interest (CoIs); boundary objects|(% width="143" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
396: (((
397: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)common ground; 
398: different ontologies; integration of diversity
399: )))
400: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% height="6" width="142" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**technological**|(% width="131" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)things are available; complement human abilities|(% width="152" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
401: (((
402: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)distributed cognition, socio-technical environments; 
403: meta-design
404: )))|(% width="143" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)agents, critics, simulations|(% colspan="2" width="153" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)formalization; human-problem-domain interaction; digital fluency
405: 
406: 
407: (% type="FOOTER" %)
408: (((
409: (% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
410: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 29 HCC Course, Fall 2010
411: )))
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