Wiki source code of L2-HCC-aug30

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 10: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 11: **Wisdom is not the product of schooling**
 12: 
 13: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 14: **but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**
 15: 
 16: (% align="RIGHT" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 17: **- Albert Einstein**
 18: )))
 19: 
 20: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; background: #e5e5e5; border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0in" %)
 21: (% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Human-Centered Computing
 22: —
 23: What is it all About?**
 24: 
 25: 
 26: 
 27: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 28: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick**
 29: 
 30: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 31: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Fall Semester 2010**
 32: 
 33: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 34: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.2em" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.2em" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1em" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.0em;" %)**; **(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)** **
 35: 
 36: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 37: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**August 30, 2010**
 38: 
 39: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 40: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Is Google Making Us Stupid?**
 41: 
 42: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
 43: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**or**
 44: 
 45: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
 46: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Is Google actually making us smarter?**
 47: 
 48: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
 49: **sources:**
 50: 
 51: * Carr, N. (2008) Is Google Making Us Stupid?, available at [[(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__http:~~/~~/www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/google__>>http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/google||class="western"]]
 52: 
 53: * Cascio, J: Get Smarter at
 54: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[http:~~/~~/www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/get-smarter/7548/>>http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/get-smarter/7548/||class="western"]]__
 55: 
 56: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 57: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Ideas / Claims from “**(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Is Google Making Us Stupid?”**
 58: 
 59: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. The **advantages of having immediate access** to such an incredibly rich store of information are many,
 60: 
 61: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)The more people use the Web, the more they have **to fight to stay focused** on long pieces of writing ? (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)continuous partial attention
 62: 
 63: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense; indeed there are signs that **new forms of “reading”** are emerging as users “power browse” horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins.
 64: 
 65: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)The Net’s influence doesn’t end at the edges of a computer screen, either. As people’s minds become attuned to the crazy quilt of Internet media, **traditional media have to adapt to the audience’s new expectations**.
 66: 
 67: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 68: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Ideas / Claims **(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**from “Is Google actually making us smarter?**
 69: 
 70: * the story of the human race is one of ever-increasing intellectual capability. Since our early cave-dwelling ancestors, **our brains have gotten no bigger**, but there has been a steady (% style="color:#800080;" %)**accretion of new tools for intellectual work**
 71: 
 72: * **examples:**
 73: 
 74: * \\
 75: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)intelligence augmentation or You+
 76: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the hive mind of the Internet
 77: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the powerful tools for simulation and visualization
 78: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)cognitive enhancement drugs
 79: 
 80: 
 81: * **a classic article:**
 82: 
 83: * \\
 84: ** (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Bush, V. (1945) "As We May Think," Atlantic Monthly, 176(1), pp. 101-108.
 85: ** [[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)__http:~~/~~/www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1969/12/as-we-may-think/3881/__>>http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1969/12/as-we-may-think/3881/||class="western"]]
 86: 
 87: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
 88: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Fundamental Transformation:**
 89: 
 90: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
 91: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 28pt" %)**Old Computing ? New Computing**
 92: 
 93: 
 94: * **Old Computing = What (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)Computers(%%) Could Do**
 95: 
 96: * **New Computing = What (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)Humans (%%)Can Do**
 97: 
 98: * **source: **(% style="color:#008000;" %)Shneiderman, B. (2002) Leonardo's Laptop — Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass
 99: 
100: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
101: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Who Should Serve whom?**
102: 
103: 
104: * **1933 Chicago World’s Fair**
105: 
106: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
107: Science Finds,
108: 
109: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
110: Industry Applies,
111: 
112: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
113: Man Conforms
114: 
115: 
116: 
117: * **person-centered motto for the 21st century**
118: 
119: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
120: People Propose,
121: 
122: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
123: Science Studies,
124: 
125: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.03in; margin-bottom: 0.03in; line-height: 100%" %)
126: Technology Conforms
127: 
128: 
129: 
130: * **source: **(% style="color:#008000;" %)Norman, D. A. (1993) //Things That Make Us Smart,// Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.
131: 
132: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
133: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Hardware for Computing In “Ancient” Times**
134: 
135: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
136: [[image:output_html_m63b60165.png||border="0" height="450" name="graphics2" width="584"]]
137: 
138: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
139: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Hardware for Computing — In the “Very Old” Days**
140: 
141: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
142: [[image:output_html_m62f0c076.png||border="0" height="447" name="graphics3" width="523"]]
143: 
144: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
145: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Hardware for Computing — In the “Old” Days**
146: 
147: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="778" %)
148: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% width="373" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
149: (((
150: [[image:output_html_mc3c663c.gif||border="0" height="166" name="graphics4" width="374"]]
151: )))|(% width="378" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
152: (((
153: [[image:output_html_71f3c64d.png||border="0" height="385" name="graphics5" width="378"]]
154: )))
155: 
156: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
157: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Hardware for Computing — Yesterday**
158: 
159: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
160: [[image:output_html_34dc353e.png||border="0" height="455" name="graphics6" width="455"]]
161: 
162: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
163: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Hardware for Computing — Today**
164: 
165: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
166: [[image:output_html_66cb3dc2.gif||border="0" height="481" name="graphics7" width="375"]]
167: 
168: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
169: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Hardware for Computing — Tommorow**
170: 
171: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
172: [[image:output_html_mddde0bc.gif||border="0" height="444" name="graphics8" width="594"]]
173: 
174: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
175: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Infrastructure for Computing**
176: 
177: 
178: * **1950-1960: Large Computers — **used with punched cards
179: 
180: * **1970: Timesharing —** many users use the same computer from a terminal
181: 
182: * **1980: personal computer — **each computer has its own CPU
183: 
184: * **1990: Graphical User Interfaces — **WIMP interfaces: [[window>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(computing)||class="western"]], [[icon>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(computing)||class="western"]], [[menu>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menu_(computing)||class="western"]], [[pointing device>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_device||class="western"]]
185: 
186: * **2000: Networks: Internet and World-Wide Web — **communication and collaboration
187: 
188: * **2010: Cloud Computing — **IT-related capabilities are provided “[[as a service>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_as_a_service||class="western"]]”, allowing users to access technology-enabled services "in the cloud” (Internet) without knowledge of, expertise with, or control over the technology infrastructure that supports them
189: 
190: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
191: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The ‘Old’ Days —**(% style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;" %)** **(%%)**The Human-Computer Dyad**
192: 
193: 
194: 
195: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.17in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 100%; page-break-after: avoid" %)
196: [[image:output_html_m239873ba.gif||border="0" height="275" name="graphics9" width="619"]]
197: 
198: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
199: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 22pt" %)**Knowledge-Based HCC: 
200: Broader Explicit and Implicit Communication Channel**
201: 
202: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
203: [[image:output_html_m4ce12f45.gif||border="0" height="429" name="graphics10" width="493"]]
204: 
205: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
206: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**An Early Vision**
207: 
208: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
209: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)source: Grudin, J. (1990) "The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design." //Proceedings of CHI'90 Conference//, pp. 261-268
210: 
211: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
212: [[image:output_html_53309327.png||border="0" height="412" name="graphics11" width="760"]]
213: 
214: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
215: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Beyond HCI: A Layered Architecture Supporting 
216: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Human Problem Domain Interaction**
217: 
218: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
219: [[image:output_html_2981e564.gif||border="0" height="332" name="graphics12" width="693"]]
220: 
221: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.03in; page-break-before: always" %)
222: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 26pt" %)**Time Frames in HCI**
223: 
224: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
225: (% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**source: Newell, A. & Card, S. K. (1985) "The Prospects for Psychological Science in Human-Computer Interaction," Human-Computer Interaction, 1(3), pp. 209-242**
226: 
227: (% border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="9" cellspacing="0" width="783" %)
228: (% valign="TOP" %)|(% bgcolor="#666666" colspan="2" width="282" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Time**|(% bgcolor="#666666" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Action**|(% bgcolor="#666666" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Memory**|(% bgcolor="#666666" width="143" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**Theory**
229: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(sec)|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(common units)|(% width="141" %)|(% width="144" %)|(% width="143" %)\\
230: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^9^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(decades)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Technology|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Culture|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" rowspan="4" width="143" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
231: (((
232: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Social
233: and
234: Organizational
235: )))
236: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^8^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(years)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)System|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Development
237: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^7^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(months)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Design|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Education
238: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^6^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(weeks)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Task|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Education
239: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^5^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(days)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Task|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Skill|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" rowspan="4" width="143" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
240: (((
241: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Bounded
242: Rationality
243: )))
244: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^4^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(hours)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Task|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Skill
245: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^3^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(ten mins)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Task|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)LTM
246: |(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^2^^|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(minutes)|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Task|(% bgcolor="#e5e5e5" width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)LTM
247: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(ten secs)|(% width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Unit task|(% width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)LTM|(% rowspan="3" width="143" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Psychological
248: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)1|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(secs)|(% width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Operator|(% width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)STM
249: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^-1^^|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(tenths)|(% width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Cycle time|(% width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Buffers
250: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^-2^^|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(centisecs)|(% width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Signal|(% width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Integration|(% rowspan="2" width="143" %)(% class="xwiki-document" %)
251: (((
252: (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Neural
253: And
254: Biochemical
255: )))
256: |(% width="81" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)10^^-3^^|(% width="183" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)(millisecs)|(% width="141" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Pulse|(% width="144" %)(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Summation
257: 
258: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
259: (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**HCC: Automate ? Informate**
260: 
261: * **Artificial Intelligence (AI) (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%)  (% style="color:#800080;" %)Intelligence Augmentation (IA)(%%)**
262: 
263: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)replacement (expert systems) ? empowerment (socio-technical environments)
264: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)emulate (natural language) ? complement (exploit unique properties of new media)
265: 
266: * **human-based computation**
267: 
268: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)a computer science technique in which a computational process performs its function by **outsourcing certain steps to humans**
269: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)leverages differences in abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to achieve **symbiotic human-computer interaction**
270: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**in traditional computation**: a human employs a computer to solve a problem by providing a formalized problem description to a computer, and receives a solution to interpret
271: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)human-based computation frequently reverses the roles; the **computer asks a person or a large group of people to solve a problem**, then collects, interprets, and integrates their solutions
272: 
273: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
274: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Human-based Computation**
275: 
276: * reverses the common interaction between computers and humans (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) the computer is no longer an agent of its user, but instead, **a coordinator aggregating efforts of many human evaluators**
277: 
278: * Internet impact: research on human-based computation has shifted towards **asking large crowds of humans**, instead of a single one or a small number of them, to perform the computational steps
279: 
280: * example: **CAPTCHA** (based upon the word capture) = a contrived acronym for //"Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"//
281: 
282: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
283: [[image:output_html_m1bd63aa2.png||border="0" height="67" name="graphics13" width="354"]]
284: 
285: * question: **incentives to participation**?
286: 
287: * more info: Luis von Ahn, Google TechTalks (2006)
288: 
289: (% align="LEFT" style="margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
290: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**__[[(% style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 1.4em" %)http:~~/~~/video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8246463980976635143#>>http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8246463980976635143#||class="western"]](%%)__**
291: 
292: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
293: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Informate versus Automate
294: **(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)** (example: flying an airplane)**
295: 
296: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
297: [[image:output_html_me55edf8.png||border="0" height="473" name="graphics14" width="719"]]
298: 
299: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
300: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Some Characteristics of Human-Centered Computing**
301: 
302: * computers will disappear in the background (they will become **invisible)**
303: 
304: * movement from independent work to **collaboration** with **distant** colleagues will be seamless — distant in: space, time, and conceptual world
305: 
306: * will develop more **powerful tools** to enable all humans to be more creative
307: 
308: * (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**more information:** Shneiderman, B., Fischer, G., Czerwinski, M., Resnick, M., & Myers, B. (2006) "Creativity Support Tools: Report From a U.S. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop," International Journal Of Human–Computer Interaction, 20(2), pp. 61–77.
309: 
310: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
311: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**HCC: A Unifying Framework for Many Disciplines
312: —
313: **(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Related Research Disciplines (with Journals, Conferences)**
314: 
315: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; font-weight: normal" %)
316: (% style="color:#008000;" %)[[image:output_html_41e49191.gif||border="0" height="412" name="graphics15" width="691"]]
317: 
318: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
319: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**HCC Themes for this Course**
320: 
321: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in" %)
322: [[image:output_html_7ff4f101.gif||border="0" height="445" name="graphics16" width="758"]]
323: 
324: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
325: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Human-Centered Computing — Is it all Good?**
326: 
327: 
328: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**Faustian Bargain:**(%%) advanced technologies have the potential to promote positive contributions, but they also can support the dark side of human nature
329: 
330: * technology (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**flaws**(%%) have caused deadly errors (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#008000;" %)Lee, L. (1992) The Day The Phones Stopped, Donald I. Fine, Inc., New York.
331: 
332: 
333: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**barriers**(%%) between disciplines and cultures (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#008000;" %)Snow, C. P. (1993) The Two Cultures, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
334: 
335: * (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**digital divide**(%%) (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%) (% style="color:#008000;" %)Schön, D. A., Sanyal, B., & Mitchell, W. J. (Eds.) (1999) High Technology and Low-Incoming Communities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
336: 
337: (% align="CENTER" style="margin-top: 0.06in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; page-break-before: always" %)
338: (% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Skeptic’s Corner**
339: 
340: 
341: * skeptics do not believe that the course of technology can be changed
342: 
343: * \\
344: ** **Machiavelli: **//“People who want to change institutions, have all those as their enemies who have done well under the old conditions”//
345: 
346: * **Gerhard’s challenge to all students in the course:**
347: 
348: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
349: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)the future is not out there to be discovered
350: 
351: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
352: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)—
353: 
354: (% align="CENTER" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
355: (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)it has to be **invented and designed**
356: 
357: 
358: (% class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in" %)
359: ? and **all of you** should contribute to creating a **desirable future**!
360: 
361: (% type="FOOTER" %)
362: (((
363: (% style="margin-top: 0.46in; margin-bottom: 0in; widows: 0; orphans: 0" %)
364: (% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 26 HCC Course, Fall 2010
365: )))
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