Wiki source code of Design and Domain-Oriented Design Environments

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Wisdom is not the product of schooling**

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.**

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**- Albert Einstein**
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====== Design and Domain-Oriented Design Environments ======


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(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**Gerhard Fischer, Hal Eden, and Holger Dick — Fall Semester 2010**

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(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**gerhard@colorado.edu**>>mailto:Gerhard@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**haleden@colorado.edu**>>mailto:haleden@colorado.edu||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**; **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**holger.dick@gmail.com**>>mailto:holger.dick@gmail.com||class="western"]](%%)__(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**;  **

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(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**September 20, 2010**

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(% style="font-size:1.2em;" %)**paper:** **Fischer, G. (1994) "Domain-Oriented Design Environments," Automated Software Engineering, 1(2), pp. 177-203. plus commentaries and reply**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Overview**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Design


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Domain-Oriented Design Environments (DODEs)


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Examples

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)video-tape of Janus: a DODE for kitchen design


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)Critiquing in DODEs

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)reflection-in-action
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)intrusiveness
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)generic, specific, interpretive critics

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**a fundamental and important objective:**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)Karl Marx: //“Die Philosophen haben die Welt nur verschieden interpretiert; es kommt aber darauf an, sie zu verändern!”// (Entrance Hall of the Humboldt University in Berlin)
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)in English: //“Philosophers interpret the world in various ways; what matters is to change it!”//

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**design as a concept / an activity**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)poorly understood
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)used differently by different people and different communities

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Herbert Simon’s “Sciences of the Artificial”**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)natural sciences: how things are ? understand what is
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)design: how things ought to be ? shape what will be
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)design = //“everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones”//

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Different Discourse**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**natural science:**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)understanding the physical world: natural scientists **are given a universe** and seek to discover its laws
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)in the natural sciences there are **right and wrong answers**
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)studies **tame problems**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**design:**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)computer scientists **create worlds** in the form of programs and the computer brings these worlds to life
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)studies** ill-defined, wicked problems**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)integration of problem framing and problem solving
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)problems have no stopping rule

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**trade-offs** (e.g.: simplicity ?? complexity) ? problems have no single answer (argumentation support is required)
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)there are no best, optimal solutions ? **satisfycing**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design Domains**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**software design and software engineering**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**architecture and urban design**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**design in the creative arts**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**design of learning environments**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**design of collaboration environments**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**SchemePaint (**(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Michael Eisenberg**(%%)**): (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)a programmable application combining direct manipulation with interactive programming(%%)**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Example: Crafts Technology — Hypergami**(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**
**(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**(Michael Eisenberg)**

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Example: Google SketchUp & 3D Warehouse (2009 Inaugural Stage)**(%%)**
(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)(guest lecture: John Bacus)(%%)**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Example: Design Kits
**(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**(general purpose ?? special purpose)**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Example: Architecture**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Example: Architecture**

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Software Design / Engineering: Upstream and Downstream Activities**

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* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**upstream: world **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** model / specification**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)ill-defined problem
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)integration of problem framing and problem solving
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)collaboration and communication between different stakeholders
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)failure leads to //**design disasters**// (wrong problem is solved)


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**downstream: model / specification **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)** implementation / system**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)well-defined problem
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)dealing with difficult technical problems
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)creating reliable code
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)failure leads to //**implementation disasters**// (wrong solution to the right problem)

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Design: Beyond Binary Choices**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Turing Tar Pit: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//“Beware of the Turing Tar Pit, in which everything is possible, but nothing of interest is easy.”//(%%)**  **

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//level of representation is too far removed from the conceptual world of the domain workers//
* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//claim: they emphasize objective computability //(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)//?//(%%)// the challenge: subjective computability//


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**The Inverse of the Turing Tar Pit: **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)//“Beware of the over-specialized systems, where operations are easy, but little of interest is possible.”//

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//domain-specific tools (such as SimCity) provide extensive support for certain problem contexts//
* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)//the ability to extend these environments is limited — even minor incremental changes are often impossible in these systems//

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Domain-Oriented Design Environments**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**rationale:**

* (% style="font-style: normal" %)recognize the legitimacy of **specialization to a domain** — do not serve all needs obscurely, serve a few needs well
* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)support Human Problem-Domain Interaction

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Human Problem Domain Interaction — Pinball Construction Kit**

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{{id name="_Ref416186841"}}{{/id}} (% style="font-size:1.4em;font-size: 20pt" %)**Human Problem Domain Interaction — Music Construction Kit**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Examples of Domain-Oriented Design Environments**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)kitchen design


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)voice dialog design


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)computer network design


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)urban design and transportation planning — Envision and Discovery Collaboratory (EDC)


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)multi-media design (color)


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)website design

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Domain-Oriented Design Environments **(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)**(Janus-Construction)**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Janus-Argumentation**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Multi-Faceted Architecture behind DODEs**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Domain-Oriented Design Environments (DODEs)**

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[[image:output_html_m34f3cdff.gif||border="0" height="406" name="graphics14" width="779"]]

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Reflection-in-Action as a Problem Solving Theory**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;" %)**Movie: The Janus DODE**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**VDDE: Voice Dialog Design Environment**



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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Computer Network Design**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Computational Critics (= “Virtual Human Critics”)**

* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**spelling correctors** — example of a “simple” critiquing system

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)simple: a “correct” answer exists
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)passive ?? active
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)suggestions for corrections ?? “auto-correct” in MS-Word


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**unlimited opportunities for application**: grammar checkers, color critics, graphs critics, webpage critics


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**webpage critics and universal access**

* (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/analyze.websiteoptimization.com/>>http://analyze.websiteoptimization.com/||class="western"]](%%)__
* (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)__[[(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)http:~~/~~/validator.w3.org/>>http://validator.w3.org/||class="western"]](%%)__

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**The Rationale / Need for Critiquing**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**color** (% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)?(%%)Travis, D. (1991) //Effective Color Displays—Theory and Practice,// Academic Press, London:

* “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//but when color is used inappropriately it can be very counter productive and few software designers have much experience with the use of color; the aim of this book is to synthesize our current knowledge in the area and specify **guidelines** so that programmers, engineers, and psychologist can use color.”//
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)question: what are the benefits of “critiquing systems” compared to “guidelines”



* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**graphs **(% style="font-family:Wingdings;" %)**?**(%%)**  **Kosslyn, S. M. (1994) Elements of Graph Design, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York

* “(% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)//one reason for the abundance of bad graphs is the proliferation of low-cost microcomputers and ‘business graphics’ packages which often seduce the user into producing flashy but muddled displays; many graphs are designed without consideration of principles of human perception and cognition”//
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)question: can a critiquing system be developed for “//human perception and cognition”//

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(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**EMMA (Environment for MultiMedia Authoring) and Color Critiquing**

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(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Computer-Based Critiquing: Examples and Mechanisms**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**examples:**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)the length of the work triangle is more than 23 feet
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)a critiquing rule in the Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory: “the maximum distance between two bus stops is 1mile”


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**mechanism:**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)enable relevant critics
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)analyze construction and specification (e.g., the specification states that this is a part of town where many old people live)
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)signal breakdowns
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)deliver relevant knowledge
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)identify the right level of intrusiveness:
on demand ?? critical points (“windows in Janus”) ?? all the time (MS Word)

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**Giving Domain Designers Control about the Intrusiveness of Critics**

(% align="CENTER" class="western" %)
[[image:output_html_mbc5e9e0.gif||height="440" name="Object3" width="624"]]

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**An Implementation of Critics**

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Embedding Critics in the Contexts of Design**

(% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; border: 5.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.01in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
[[image:output_html_m4a32dff2.gif||height="320" name="Object5" width="729"]]

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**//Generic //Critics in Construction**

(% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; border: 5.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.01in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
[[image:output_html_m486a2ec3.gif||height="334" name="Object6" width="653"]]

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**A Partial Specification of a Specific Client**

(% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**questions in **(% style="color:#0000ff;" %)**answers by client:**

(% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**specification component**

* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)name: Smith’s kitchen
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)size of family: four to six
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)primary cook: left-handed
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)size of meals: huge (big eaters)
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)entertainment: often
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)cooking frequency: often
* (% style="font-size:1.2em;font-size: 16pt" %)type of sink: double bowl sink


(% class="western" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
(% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)**specification component in EDC:** questionnaire for citizens how long they would wait for the bus

(% align="CENTER" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.08in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; line-height: 0.25in; page-break-before: always" %)
(% style="font-size:1.6em;font-size: 23pt" %)**Global Objective of Embedding Critics**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)increase the **“back-talk” of the situation**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)support **reflection-in-action**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)support **learning on demand**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)reduce information overload: saying the (% style="color:#0000ff;" %)‘right’ thing(%%) **at the (% style="color:#800080;" %)‘right’ time(%%) in the (% style="color:#008000;" %)‘right’ way (%%)to the (% style="color:#ff0000;" %)‘right’ person(%%)**


* (% style="font-size:1.4em;" %)make information relevant to the **task at hand**

(% type="FOOTER" %)
(((
(% style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-top: 0.15in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in" %)
(% style="font-size:0.8em;" %)Fischer & Eden & Dick 34 HCC Course, Fall 2010
)))
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